Comparison 4. Adverse events.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Cardiac events	10		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
1.1 vs placebo	10	5651	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.68, 1.30]
1.2 vs tiotropium bromide	2	729	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.38 [0.06, 2.45]
2 Dry mouth	10		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
2.1 vs placebo	10	5651	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.03 [0.55, 1.95]
2.2 vs tiotropium bromide	2	729	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.39 [0.13, 1.20]
3 Constipation	7		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.1 vs placebo	7	4252	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.09 [0.59, 1.99]
3.2 vs tiotropium bromide	1	329	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.79 [0.11, 68.96]
4 Cerebrovascular events	9		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
4.1 vs placebo	9	5252	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.58 [0.25, 1.33]
4.2 vs tiotropium bromide	1	329	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.79 [0.11, 68.96]
5 Diarrhoea	7	4815	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.45 [0.96, 2.20]
5.1 vs placebo once daily	2	1647	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.32 [1.14, 4.74]
5.2 vs placebo twice daily	5	3168	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.06 [0.63, 1.78]
6 Nasopharyngitis	8		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
6.1 vs placebo	8	4710	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.20 [0.95, 1.52]
6.2 vs tiotropium bromide	1	329	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.29 [0.50, 3.29]
7 Headache	10		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
7.1 vs placebo	10	5651	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.21 [0.98, 1.50]
7.2 vs tiotropium bromide	2	729	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.73 [0.33, 1.60]
8 Cough	10		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.1 vs placebo	10	5651	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.10 [0.78, 1.55]
8.2 vs tiotropium bromide	2	729	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.51 [0.16, 1.56]
9 Hypertension	7		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
9.1 vs placebo	7	4654	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.54, 1.22]
9.2 vs tiotropium bromide	1	400	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.38 [0.07, 27.01]
10 Respiratory tract infections	6		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
10.1 vs placebo	6	3474	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.02 [0.77, 1.34]
10.2 vs tiotropium bromide	1	400	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.58 [0.14, 46.44]
11 Urinary tract infections	9		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
11.1 vs placebo	9	5395	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.02 [0.67, 1.55]
11.2 vs tiotropium bromide	1	400	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.05, 20.69]
12 Fatigue	7		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
12.1 vs placebo	7	4395	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.57 [0.31, 1.03]
12.2 vs tiotropium bromide	1	400	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.09 [0.01, 1.06]
13 Dizziness	6		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
13.1 vs placebo	6	3853	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.90 [0.54, 1.49]
13.2 vs tiotropium bromide	1	400	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.58 [0.06, 5.65]
14 Dyspnoea	7		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
14.1 vs placebo	7	4177	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.70 [0.44, 1.10]
15 Arthralgia	6		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
15.1 vs placebo	6	4273	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.66 [0.98, 2.78]
16 Back pain	7		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
16.1 vs placebo	7	4454	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.01 [0.74, 1.39]
17 Oropharyngeal pain	6		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
17.1 vs placebo	6	3635	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.04 [0.66, 1.64]