TABLE 3.
Distribution of maternal sociodemographic and clinical factors among women with obstetric hemorrhage, by race/ethnicity and study period
| Study period | Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All women | White | Black | Asian | Hispanic | Other | |||||||
| Baseline | Postintervention | Baseline | Postintervention | Baseline | Postintervention | Baseline | Postintervention | Baseline | Postintervention | Baseline | Postintervention | |
| Number of women with hemorrhage | 54,311 | 19,165 | 15,775 | 5401 | 3404 | 1114 | 8180 | 3195 | 23,051 | 8161 | 3901 | 1294 |
| Characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| Age at delivery, y | ||||||||||||
| <18 | 906 (1.7) | 200 (1.0) | 76 (0.5) | 15 (0.3) | 91 (2.7) | 14 (1.3) | 13 (0.2) | 4 (0.1) | 702 (3.0) | 164 (2.0) | 24 (0.6) | 3 (0.2) |
| 18–25 | 12,774 (23.5) | 3958 (20.7) | 2700 (17.1) | 707 (13.1) | 1156 (34.0) | 320 (28.7) | 613 (7.5) | 171 (5.4) | 7737 (33.6) | 2579 (31.6) | 568 (14.6) | 181 (14.0) |
| 26–35 | 30,259 (55.7) | 11,001 (57.4) | 9674 (61.3) | 3454 (64.0) | 1622 (47.6) | 557 (50.0) | 5244 (64.1) | 2085 (65.3) | 11,391 (49.4) | 4143 (50.8) | 2328 (59.7) | 762 (58.9) |
| ≥36 | 10,372 (19.1) | 4006 (20.9) | 3325 (21.1) | 1225 (22.7) | 535 (15.7) | 223 (20.0) | 2310 (28.2) | 935 (29.3) | 3221 (14.0) | 1275 (15.6) | 981 (25.1) | 348 (26.9) |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Some high school or less | 7486 (14.2) | 2005 (10.8) | 582 (3.8) | 132 (2.5) | 326 (10.0) | 85 (8.0) | 239 (3.0) | 79 (2.6) | 6203 (27.7) | 1682 (21.4) | 136 (3.6) | 27 (2.1) |
| High school/GED | 11,484 (21.8) | 3956 (21.3) | 2433 (15.8) | 749 (14.3) | 954 (29.1) | 296 (27.8) | 849 (10.8) | 306 (9.9) | 6732 (30.1) | 2414 (30.7) | 516 (13.6) | 191 (15.2) |
| Some college | 14,399 (27.3) | 5123 (27.6) | 4181 (27.2) | 1341 (25.5) | 1306 (39.9) | 415 (39.0) | 1399 (17.8) | 489 (15.9) | 6208 (27.7) | 2443 (31.0) | 1305 (34.5) | 435 (34.5) |
| College grad or more | 19,353 (36.7) | 7446 (40.2) | 8194 (53.2) | 3027 (57.7) | 687 (21.0) | 269 (25.3) | 5389 (68.4) | 2211 (71.7) | 3252 (14.5) | 1332 (16.9) | 1831 (48.3) | 607 (48.2) |
| Missing | 1589 | 635 | 385 | 152 | 131 | 49 | 304 | 110 | 656 | 290 | 113 | 34 |
| Insurance | ||||||||||||
| Medi-Cal/other government-sponsored | 18,697 (34.4) | 6670 (34.8) | 3079 (19.5) | 1046 (19.4) | 174 (49.2) | 573 (51.4) | 1246 (15.2) | 532 (16.7) | 11,949 (51.8) | 4229 (51.8) | 749 (19.2) | 290 (22.4) |
| Private insurance | 34,310 (63.2) | 11,987 (62.5) | 12,544 (79.5) | 4301 (79.6) | 1,673 (49.1) | 528 (47.4) | 6355 (77.7) | 2376 (74.4) | 10,630 (46.1) | 3790 (46.4) | 3108 (79.7) | 992 (76.7) |
| Self-pay/no insurance | 1303 (2.4) | 508 (2.7) | 151 (1.0) | 54 (1.0) | 57 (1.7) | 13 (1.2) | 579 (7.1) | 287 (9.0) | 472 (2.0) | 142 (1.7) | 44 (1.1) | 12 (0.9) |
| Missing | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Parity | ||||||||||||
| Multiparous | 28,613 (52.7) | 10,101 (52.7) | 7260 (46.0) | 2523 (46.7) | 1972 (57.9) | 668 (60.0) | 3725 (45.5) | 1498 (46.9) | 13,470 (58.4) | 4711 (57.7) | 2186 (56.0) | 701 (54.2) |
| Nulliparous | 25,698 (47.3) | 9064 (47.3) | 8515 (54.0) | 2878 (53.3) | 1432 (42.1) | 446 (40.0) | 4455 (54.5) | 1697 (53.1) | 9581 (41.6) | 3450 (42.3) | 1715 (44.0) | 593 (45.8) |
| Prepregnancy BMI | ||||||||||||
| <18.5 | 1079 (2.1) | 372 (2.0) | 297 (2.0) | 93 (1.8) | 73 (2.3) | 18 (1.7) | 356 (4.8) | 156 (5.1) | 286 (1.3) | 88 (1.1) | 67 (1.9) | 17 (1.4) |
| 18.5–25 | 22,140(43.8) | 7597 (41.1) | 7692 (51.7) | 2570 (48.9) | 1015 (32.4) | 334 (31.0) | 4722 (64.3) | 1919 (62.6) | 7051 (32.7) | 2287 (29.1) | 1660 (45.9) | 487 (39.1) |
| 25–30 | 14,347 (28.4) | 5336 (28.9) | 3837 (25.8) | 1442 (27.5) | 887 (28.3) | 295 (27.3) | 1636 (22.3) | 703 (22.9) | 6919 (32.1) | 2500 (31.9) | 1068 (29.5) | 396 (31.8) |
| 30–35 | 7485 (14.8) | 2953 (16.0) | 1689 (11.4) | 660 (12.6) | 573 (18.3) | 190 (17.6) | 477 (6.5) | 218 (7.1) | 4267 (19.8) | 1691 (21.5) | 479 (13.2) | 194 (15.6) |
| 35–40 | 3287 (6.5) | 1317 (7.1) | 791 (5.3) | 283 (5.4) | 290 (9.3) | 125 (11.6) | 116 (1.6) | 55 (1.8) | 1872 (8.7) | 764 (9.7) | 218 (6.0) | 90 (7.2) |
| ≥40 | 2202 (4.4) | 914 (4.9) | 559 (3.8) | 205 (3.9) | 297 (9.5) | 117 (10.8) | 38 (0.5) | 13 (0.4) | 1182 (5.5) | 517 (6.6) | 126 (3.5) | 62 (5.0) |
| Missing | 3,771 | 676 | 910 | 148 | 269 | 35 | 835 | 131 | 1,474 | 314 | 283 | 48 |
| Prenatal care | ||||||||||||
| First trimester | 45,997 (86.2) | 16,391 (86.9) | 13,854 (89.5) | 4778 (89.9) | 2733 (82.6) | 923 (85.1) | 7245 (90.7) | 2839 (90.0) | 18,871 (83.1) | 6728 (83.7) | 3294 (85.3) | 1123 (87.7) |
| Second trimester | 5781 (10.8) | 1902 (10.1) | 1262 (8.2) | 407 (7.7) | 422 (12.8) | 123 (11.3) | 622 (7.8) | 254 (8.0) | 3022 (13.3) | 994 (12.4) | 453 (11.7) | 124 (9.7) |
| Third trimester | 1192 (2.2) | 435 (2.3) | 249 (1.6) | 91 (1.7) | 103 (3.1) | 30 (2.8) | 105 (1.3) | 61 (1.9) | 642 (2.8) | 233 (2.9) | 93 (2.4) | 20 (1.6) |
| No care | 381 (0.7) | 143 (0.8) | 114 (0.7) | 37 (0.7) | 50 (1.5) | 9 (0.8) | 18 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | 176 (0.8) | 82 (1.0) | 23 (0.6) | 13 (1.0) |
| Missing | 960 | 294 | 296 | 88 | 96 | 29 | 190 | 39 | 340 | 124 | 38 | 14 |
| Chronic hypertension | ||||||||||||
| No | 52,981 (97.6) | 18,389 (96.0) | 15,424 (97.8) | 5215 (96.6) | 3218 (94.5) | 1025 (92.0) | 8046 (98.4) | 3118 (97.6) | 22,555 (97.8) | 7845 (96.1) | 3738 (95.8) | 1186 (91.7) |
| Yes | 1330 (2.4) | 776 (4.0) | 351 (2.2) | 186 (3.4) | 186 (5.5) | 89 (8.0) | 134 (1.6) | 77 (2.4) | 496 (2.2) | 316 (3.9) | 163 (4.2) | 108 (8.3) |
| Gestational diabetes | ||||||||||||
| No | 47,210 (86.9) | 16,511 (86.2) | 14,449 (91.6) | 4928 (91.2) | 3047 (89.5) | 985 (88.4) | 6802 (83.2) | 2626 (82.2) | 19,885 (86.3) | 6962 (85.3) | 3027 (77.6) | 1010 (78.1) |
| Yes | 7101 (13.1) | 2654 (13.8) | 1326 (8.4) | 473 (8.8) | 357 (10.5) | 129 (11.6) | 1378 (16.8) | 569 (17.8) | 3166 (13.7) | 1199 (14.7) | 874 (22.4) | 284 (21.9) |
| Multiple gestation | ||||||||||||
| No | 51,974 (95.7) | 18,377 (95.9) | 14,847 (94.1) | 5108 (94.6) | 3246 (95.4) | 1075 (96.5) | 7798 (95.3) | 3042 (95.2) | 22,290 (96.7) | 7904 (96.9) | 3793 (97.2) | 1248 (96.4) |
| Yes | 2337 (4.3) | 788 (4.1) | 928 (5.9) | 293 (5.4) | 158 (4.6) | 39 (3.5) | 382 (4.7) | 153 (4.8) | 761 (3.3) | 257 (3.1) | 108 (2.8) | 46 (3.6) |
| Labor induction | ||||||||||||
| No | 44,015 (81.0) | 15,291 (79.8) | 12,385 (78.5) | 4184 (77.5) | 2736 (80.4) | 888 (79.7) | 6703 (81.9) | 2595 (81.2) | 19,044 (82.6) | 6559 (80.4) | 3147 (80.7) | 1065 (82.3) |
| Yes | 10,296 (19.0) | 3874 (20.2) | 3390 (21.5) | 1,217 (22.5) | 668 (19.6) | 226 (20.3) | 1477 (18.1) | 600 (18.8) | 4007 (17.4) | 1602 (19.6) | 754 (19.3) | 229 (17.7) |
| Preterm birth | ||||||||||||
| No | 44,077 (81.2) | 15,803 (82.5) | 12,855 (81.5) | 4461 (82.6) | 2509 (73.8) | 851 (76.5) | 6832 (83.6) | 2718 (85.1) | 18,709 (81.2) | 6711 (82.3) | 3172 (81.4) | 1062 (82.1) |
| Yes | 10,206 (18.8) | 3352 (17.5) | 2914 (18.5) | 937 (17.4) | 889 (26.2) | 262 (23.5) | 1344 (16.4) | 476 (14.9) | 4334 (18.8) | 1445 (17.7) | 725 (18.6) | 232 (17.9) |
| Missing | 28 | 10 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 0 |
| Previous cesarean delivery | ||||||||||||
| No | 46,179 (85.0) | 16,218 (84.6) | 13,843 (87.8) | 4705 (87.1) | 2719 (79.9) | 868 (77.9) | 7045 (86.1) | 2698 (84.4) | 19,310 (83.8) | 6854 (84.0) | 3262 (83.6) | 1093 (84.5) |
| Yes | 8132 (15.0) | 2947 (15.4) | 1932 (12.2) | 696 (12.9) | 685 (20.1) | 246 (22.1) | 1135 (13.9) | 497 (15.6) | 3741 (16.2) | 1307 (16.0) | 639 (16.4) | 201 (15.5) |
| Method of delivery | ||||||||||||
| Vaginal | 32,717 (60.2) | 11,816 (61.7) | 9798 (62.1) | 3418 (63.3) | 1729 (50.8) | 566 (50.8) | 4702 (57.5) | 1881 (58.9) | 14,191 (61.6) | 5143 (63.0) | 2297 (58.9) | 808 (62.4) |
| Cesarean | 21,594 (39.8) | 7349 (38.3) | 5977 (37.9) | 1983 (36.7) | 1675 (49.2) | 548 (49.2) | 3478 (42.5) | 1314 (41.1) | 8860 (38.4) | 3018 (37.0) | 1604 (41.1) | 486 (37.6) |
BMI, body mass index; GED, General Educational Development.