Figure 2.

Whole genome-based phylogeny and genetic characteristics of UPEC-46 and selected EAEC and UPEC strains. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The tree was visualized with iTOL, where UPEC-46, EAEC, and UPEC strains are indicated by black, purple, and red colors, respectively. The different STs and phylogroups are appointed. The following EAEC-associated virulence genes were searched: aggR (virulence regulator), aatA (anti-aggregation protein transporter), aggA (AAF/I fimbriae), aafA (AAF/II fimbriae), agg3A (AAF/III fimbriae), agg4A (AAF/IV fimbriae), and afpA (AFP, type 4 pili). The strains were positive for Johnson’s criteria (criteria for ExPEC) if positive for ≥2 of the five ExPEC markers, i.e., pap (P fimbriae), sfa/foc (S/F1C fimbriae), afa/dra (Dr binding adhesins), iucD/iutA (aerobactin receptor), and kpsMT II (group 2 capsule synthesis) [77]. The UPEC-46 strain is indicated by a black arrow. E. fergusonii serves as an outgroup