Table 1.
Description of the cohort stratified by the binary outcome of favouring mandatory vaccination or not and selected predictor variables, together with unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for the association of predictor variables with the outcome.
| Variable | Totaln = 3235 | Does not Favour mandatory vaccinationn(%)2657 (82.1) | Favours mandatory vaccinationn(%)578 (17.9) | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95%CI)* | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age (years) 16 to < 40 40 to < 55 ≥55 Missing |
1020 (31.5) 1239 (38.3) 963 (29.8) 13 (0.4) |
885 (33.3) 1019 (38.4) 743 (28.0) 10 (0.4) |
135 (23.4) 220 (38.1) 220 (38.1) 3 (0.5) |
Ref 1.42 (1.12–1.79) 1.94 (1.53–2.46) |
- 0.003 <0.001 |
Ref 1.40 (1.11–1.77) 1.84 (1.44–2.34) |
- 0.005 <0.001 |
|
Sex Male Female Missing |
824 (25.5) 2405 (74.3) 6 (0.2) |
653 (24.6) 1999 (75.2) 5 (0.2) |
171 (29.6) 406 (70.2) 1 (0.2) |
Ref 0.78 (0.64–0.95) |
- 0.01 |
Ref 0.79 (0.63–0.96) |
- 0.02 |
|
Ethnicity White Asian Black Mixed Other Missing |
2336 (72.2) 571 (17.7) 122 (3.8) 144 (4.5) 60 (1.9) 2 (0.1) |
1891 (71.2) 485 (18.3) 110 (4.1) 121 (4.6) 48 (1.8) 2 (0.1) |
445 (77.0) 86 (14.9) 12 (2.1) 23 (4.0) 12 (2.1) 0 (0.0) |
Ref 0.75 (0.59–0.97) 0.46 (0.25–0.85) 0.81 (0.51–1.28) 1.06 (0.56–2.02) |
- 0.03 0.01 0.36 0.85 |
Ref 0.77 (0.60–1.00) 0.46 (0.25–0.85) 0.84 (0.52–1.34) 1.07 (0.56–2.04) |
- 0.05 0.01 0.46 0.84 |
|
Migration status Born in the UK Born outside the UK Missing |
2356 (72.8) 791 (24.5) 88 (2.7) |
1925 (72.5) 657 (24.7) 75 (2.8) |
431 (74.6) 134 (23.2) 13 (2.3) |
Ref 0.91 (0.74–1.13) |
- 0.39 |
Ref 1.08 (0.84–1.38) |
- 0.56 |
|
IMD quintile 1 (most deprived) 2 3 4 5 (least deprived) Missing |
275 (8.5) 472 (14.6) 588 (18.2) 727 (22.5) 808 (25.0) 365 (11.3) |
230 (8.7) 388 (14.6) 474 (17.8) 607 (22.9) 654 (24.6) 304 (11.4) |
45 (7.8) 84 (14.5) 114 (19.7) 120 (20.8) 154 (26.6) 61 (10.6) |
Ref 1.11 (0.74–1.65) 1.23 (0.84–1.80) 1.01 (0.69–1.47) 1.20 (0.84–1.73) |
- 0.78 0.71 0.50 0.93 |
Ref† 1.06 (0.71–1.58) 1.08 (0.73–1.58) 0.88 (0.60–1.28) 1.02 (0.70–1.48) |
- 0.78 0.71 0.50 0.93 |
|
Job role Medical Nursing (inc Midwives + Health Care Assistants) AHPs (not inc scientists) Pharmacy Healthcare scientist Ambulance Dental Optical Admin/estates/other Missing |
778 (24.1) 698 (21.6) 917 (28.4) 62 (1.9) 146 (4.5) 94 (2.9) 93 (2.9) 82 (2.5) 184 (5.7) 103 (3.2) |
623 (23.5) 564 (21.2) 781 (29.4) 52 (2.0) 126 (4.7) 78 (2.9) 135 (5.1) 65 (2.5) 152 (5.7) 81 (3.1) |
155 (26.8) 134 (23.2) 136 (23.5) 10 (1.7) 20 (3.5) 16 (2.8) 36 (6.2) 17 (2.9) 32 (5.5) 22 (3.8) |
Ref 0.95 (0.74–1.24) 0.70 (0.54–0.90) 0.77 (0.38–1.56) 0.64 (0.39–1.06) 0.82 (0.47–1.45) 1.07 (0.71–1.61) 1.05 (0.60–1.84) 0.85 (0.56–1.29) |
- 0.73 0.006 0.47 0.08 0.50 0.74 0.86 0.44 |
Ref 0.84 (0.63–1.13) 0.66 (0.50–0.88) 0.81 (0.40–1.64) 0.57 (0.34–0.97) 0.72 (0.40–1.29) 0.96 (0.63–1.47) 0.95 (0.53–1.68) 0.79 (0.51–1.22) |
- 0.25 0.004 0.56 0.04 0.27 0.85 0.86 0.29 |
|
Exposure to patients with COVID-19 (at time of second questionnaire) No contact/remote contact only Face to face but no physical contact Physical contact Missing |
2518 (77.8) 149 (4.6) 377 (11.7) 191 (5.9) |
2062 (77.6) 132 (5.0) 312 (11.7) 151 (5.7) |
456 (78.9) 17 (2.9) 65 (11.3) 40 (6.9) |
Ref 0.58 (0.35–0.97) 0.94 (0.71–1.25) |
- 0.04 0.68 |
Ref 0.59 (0.35–1.00) 1.01 (0.75–1.35) |
- 0.05 0.97 |
|
Current or previous SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy Not hesitant Hesitant Missing |
2239 (69.2) 862 (26.7) 134 (4.1) |
1780 (67.0) 725 (27.3) 152 (5.7) |
459 (79.4) 92 (15.9) 27 (4.7) |
Ref 0.49 (0.39–0.63) |
- <0.001 |
Ref 0.56 (0.43–0.71) |
- <0.001 |
|
Number of influenza vaccines in previous 2 seasons 0 1 2 Missing |
456 (14.1) 515 (15.9) 2123 (65.6) 141 (4.4) |
397 (14.9) 428 (16.1) 1717 (64.6) 115 (4.3) |
59 (10.2) 87 (15.1) 406 (70.2) 26 (4.5) |
Ref 1.37 (0.96–1.96) 1.59 (1.19–2.14) |
- 0.09 0.002 |
Ref 1.35 (0.94–1.94) 1.49 (1.11–2.01) |
- 0.10 0.008 |
|
VAX score, med (IQR) Missing |
16 (14–17) 0 (0.0) |
16 (14–17) | 16 (15–18) | 1.11 (1.06–1.15) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.06–1.15) | <0.001 |
|
Number of comorbidities 0 ≥1 Missing |
2465 (76.2) 249 (7.7) 521 (16.1) |
2033 (76.5) 201 (7.6) 423 (15.9) |
432 (74.7) 48 (8.3) 98 (17.0) |
Ref 1.12 (0.81–1.57) |
- 0.49 |
Ref 1.11 (0.79–1.56) |
- 0.54 |
|
Pregnant‡ Not pregnant Pregnant Missing |
2947 (91.1) 63 (2.0) 225 (7.0) |
2410 (90.7) 58 (2.2) 189 (7.1) |
537 (92.9) 5 (0.9) 36 (6.2) |
Ref 0.39 (0.15–0.97) |
- 0.04 |
Ref 0.60 (0.24–1.54) |
- 0.29 |
|
Previous COVID-19 Never tested Tested negative Tested positive Missing |
278 (8.6) 2181 (67.4) 763 (23.6) 13 (0.4) |
229 (8.6) 1798 (67.7) 620 (23.3) 10 (0.4) |
49 (8.5) 383 (66.3) 143 (24.8) 3 (0.5) |
1.00 (0.72–1.39) Ref 1.08 (0.88–1.34) |
0.98 - 0.46 |
1.00 (0.72–1.39) Ref 1.12 (0.91–1.39) |
0.99 - 0.29 |
|
Lives with a person ≥65 years old No Yes Missing |
2808 (86.8) 320 (9.9) 107 (3.3) |
2314 (87.1) 255 (9.6) 88 (3.3) |
494 (85.5) 65 (11.3) 19 (3.3) |
Ref 1.19 (0.89–1.59) |
- 0.23 |
Ref 0.97 (0.72–1.32) |
- 0.86 |
|
Lives with other key workers No Yes Missing |
1678 (51.9) 1444 (44.6) 113 (3.5) |
1378 (51.9) 1187 (44.7) 92 (3.5) |
300 (51.9) 257 (44.5) 21 (3.6) |
Ref 0.99 (0.83–1.20) |
- 0.95 |
Ref 1.02 (0.84–1.23) |
- 0.87 |
|
Trusts employing organisation to deal with concern about unsafe clinical practice Does not trust organisation Trusts organisation Missing |
844 (26.1) 2161 (66.8) 230 (7.1) |
673 (25.3) 1738 (65.4) 246 (9.3) |
164 (28.4) 350 (60.6) 64 (11.1) |
Ref 0.83 (0.67–1.02) |
- 0.07 |
Ref 0.82 (0.67–1.02) |
- 0.07 |
|
COVID-19 conspiracies score, med (IQR) Missing |
8 (7–10) 128 (4.0) |
8 (7–10) 107 (4.0) |
8 (7–10) 21 (3.6) |
0.94 (0.89–0.98) | 0.004 | 0.95 (0.91–1.00) | 0.05 |
|
UK region of work West Midlands South East England South West England + Channel Islands East of England East Midlands London North East England North West England + Isle of Man Yorkshire and the Humber Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Missing |
251 (7.8) 417 (12.9) 265 (8.2) 245 (7.6) 319 (9.9) 460 (14.2) 117 (3.6) 313 (9.7) 239 (7.4) 93 (2.9) 195 (6.0) 28 (0.9) 293 (9.1) |
208 (7.8) 349 (13.1) 218 (8.2) 205 (7.7) 272 (10.2) 357 (13.4) 87 (3.3) 257 (9.7) 201 (7.6) 73 (2.8) 164 (6.2) 25 (0.9) 241 (9.1) |
43 (7.4) 68 (11.8) 47 (8.1) 40 (6.9) 47 (8.1) 103 (17.8) 30 (5.2) 56 (9.7) 38 (6.6) 20 (3.5) 31 (5.4) 3 (0.5) 52 (9.0) |
Ref 0.94 (0.62–1.43) 1.04 (0.66–1.64) 0.94 (0.59–1.51) 0.84 (0.53–1.31) 1.40 (0.94–2.07) 1.67 (0.98–2.83) 1.05 (0.68–1.63) 0.91 (0.55–1.52) 1.33 (0.73–2.40) 0.91 (0.55–1.52) 0.58 (0.17–2.01) |
- 0.78 0.86 0.81 0.44 0.10 0.06 0.81 0.71 0.35 0.73 0.39 |
Ref 0.89 (0.59–1.36) 0.93 (0.59–1.48) 0.91 (0.56–1.46) 0.82 (0.52–1.29) 1.42 (0.95–2.11) 1.55 (0.91–2.65) 1.01 (0.65–1.57) 0.87 (0.54–1.40) 1.13 (0.61–2.07) 0.85 (0.51–1.41) 0.58 (0.17–2.03) |
- 0.60 0.77 0.69 0.39 0.09 0.11 0.97 0.56 0.70 0.52 0.40 |
*multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex and ethnicity, †test for linear trend after multivariable regression was not significant.
‡Participants are coded as pregnant if they indicated they were pregnant at baseline or at follow up (i.e. this category includes participants who were pregnant at baseline and who may have delivered or any other reason leading to loss of pregnancy by the time of completing the follow up questionnaire).
Data in the first two columns are n(%) with percentages computed column-wise apart from the total number of those favouring/not favouring mandatory vaccination which are computed row wise. Due to including only complete cases in logistic regression models, multivariable models are based on fewer observations than univariable models. COVID-19 - coronavirus disease 2019; IMD – index of multiple deprivation; IQR – interquartile range; med – median; Ref – reference category for categorical variables in logistic regression analyses; SARS-CoV-2 – severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.