Table 2.
Supportive care, outcomes, and complications during hospitalisation.
| Age category |
Wave category |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of cases | Subcategories | Total | Under 18 (0–17 years) | Young (18–39 years) | Middle age (40–64 years) | Older (≥65 years) | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | |
| Supportive therapy during admissiona | ||||||||||
| Stay in ICU | 33,539 | 2409 (7·2) | 1 (0·1) | 97 (1·3) | 826 (7·2) | 1484 (10·9) | 633 (11·8) | 709 (6·1) | 1067 (6·5) | |
| Oxygen supportb | 33,545 | No oxygen | 21859 (65.2) | 1086 (98.4) | 6866 (94) | 7778 (68) | 6121 (44.7) | 3304 (61.6) | 8620 (73.7) | 9935 (60.3) |
| Other oxygen support (e.g., nasal cannula, mask) | 9156 (27.3) | 18 (1.6) | 369 (5.1) | 2827 (24.7) | 5939 (43.4) | 1397 (26) | 2385 (20.4) | 5374 (32.6) | ||
| High-flow nasal cannula | 706 (2.1) | 0 (0) | 16 (0.2) | 181 (1.6) | 509 (3.7) | 110 (2) | 181 (1.5) | 415 (2.5) | ||
| BiPAP/CPAP | 236 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 17 (0.2) | 85 (0.7) | 134 (1) | 32 (0.6) | 103 (0.9) | 101 (0.6) | ||
| IMV | 1441 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 30 (0.4) | 484 (4.2) | 926 (6.8) | 441 (8.2) | 371 (3.2) | 629 (3.8) | ||
| ECMO | 147 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 8 (0.1) | 86 (0.8) | 53 (0.4) | 83 (1.5) | 29 (0.2) | 35 (0.2) | ||
| Prone therapy | 30,294 | 732 (2·4) | 0 (0) | 29 (0·4) | 276 (2·7) | 427 (3·4) | 141 (5·5) | 183 (1·6) | 408 (2·5) | |
| Nitric oxide inhalation therapy | 30,290 | 31 (0·1) | 0 (0) | 5 (0·1) | 9 (0·1) | 17 (0·1) | 9 (0·4) | 10 (0·1) | 12 (0·1) | |
| Muscle relaxant | 30,198 | 815 (2·7) | 0 (0) | 22 (0·3) | 309 (3·1) | 484 (3·9) | 240 (9·8) | 195 (1·7) | 380 (2·3) | |
| Inotropic | 33,525 | 837 (2·5) | 0 (0) | 15 (0·2) | 238 (2·1) | 584 (4·3) | 270 (5) | 206 (1·8) | 361 (2·2) | |
| RRT or dialysis | 33,504 | 459 (1·4) | 0 (0) | 6 (0·1) | 153 (1·3) | 300 (2·2) | 125 (2·3) | 112 (1) | 222 (1·3) | |
| Blood transfusion | 33,524 | 666 (2) | 0 (0) | 17 (0·2) | 167 (1·5) | 482 (3·5) | 261 (4·9) | 163 (1·4) | 242 (1·5) | |
| Immunoglobulin | 33,518 | 254 (0·8) | 2 (0·2) | 12 (0·2) | 79 (0·7) | 161 (1·2) | 110 (2·1) | 51 (0·4) | 93 (0·6) | |
| Outcome at discharge | ||||||||||
| Outcome | 33,531 | Discharge | 24,835 (74·1) | 1024 (92·8) | 6293 (86·1) | 9697 (84·7) | 7815 (57·2) | 3507 (65·3) | 9450 (80·9) | 11,878 (72·1) |
| Transfer to different hospital | 3983 (11·9) | 15 (1·4) | 200 (2·7) | 989 (8·6) | 2777 (20·3) | 852 (15·9) | 1070 (9·2) | 2061 (12·5) | ||
| Transfer to non-medical facilityc | 1656 (4·9) | 65 (5·9) | 801 (11) | 593 (5·2) | 194 (1·4) | 500 (9·3) | 545 (4·7) | 611 (3·7) | ||
| Transfer to long-term care facility | 1386 (4·1) | 0 (0) | 10 (0·1) | 55 (0·5) | 1321 (9·7) | 120 (2·2) | 290 (2·5) | 976 (5·9) | ||
| Dead | 1671 (5) | 0 (0) | 3 (0) | 108 (0·9) | 1559 (11·4) | 391 (7·3) | 324 (2·8) | 956 (5·8) | ||
| Number of deaths after oxygen supportb | 33545 | |||||||||
| 21,859 | No oxygen | 46 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (0.1) | 40 (0.7) | 9 (0.3) | 16 (0.2) | 21 (0.2) | |
| 9156 | Other oxygen support (e.g., nasal cannula, mask) | 994 (10.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 31 (1.1) | 962 (16.2) | 200 (14.3) | 165 (6.9) | 629 (11.7) | |
| 706 | High-flow nasal cannula | 168 (23.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (4.4) | 160 (31.4) | 22 (20) | 38 (21) | 108 (26) | |
| 236 | BIPAP/CPAP | 51 (21.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.4) | 49 (36.6) | 10 (31.2) | 16 (15.5) | 25 (24.8) | |
| 1441 | IMV | 369 (25.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.7) | 44 (9.1) | 322 (34.8) | 127 (28.8) | 82 (22.1) | 160 (25.4) | |
| 147 | ECMO | 43 (29·3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 17 (19·8) | 26 (49·1) | 23 (27·7) | 7 (24·1) | 13 (37·1) | |
| Tracheotomyd | 31,808 | 241 (0·8) | 1 (0·1) | 18 (0·2) | 86 (0·8) | 136 (1·1) | 76 (1·5) | 70 (0·6) | 95 (0·6) | |
| Worsened self-care abilityd | 31,291 | 2667 (8·5) | 1 (0·1) | 49 (0·7) | 628 (5·6) | 1989 (16·9) | 514 (10·7) | 681 (6·1) | 1472 (9·6) | |
| Worsened walking abilityd | 30,562 | 2716 (8·9) | 1 (0·1) | 52 (0·7) | 637 (5·9) | 2026 (17·5) | 492 (11·9) | 723 (6·4) | 1501 (9·9) | |
| O2 administration at discharged | 31,822 | 2128 (6·7) | 3 (0·3) | 58 (0·8) | 673 (5·9) | 1394 (11·5) | 370 (7·5) | 572 (5) | 1186 (7·6) | |
| Complications during admission | ||||||||||
| Bacterial pneumoniae (incl. HAP/VAP) | 33,497 | 1791 (5·3) | 3 (0·3) | 39 (0·5) | 319 (2·8) | 1429 (10·5) | 411 (7·7) | 467 (4) | 913 (5·5) | |
| ARDS | 33,494 | 1501 (4·5) | 0 (0) | 31 (0·4) | 457 (4) | 1013 (7·4) | 484 (9) | 341 (2·9) | 676 (4·1) | |
| Severity of ARDS | 1452 | Mild | 278 (19·1) | 0 (0) | 8 (26·7) | 115 (25·8) | 155 (15·9) | 52 (11·7) | 61 (18·3) | 165 (24·6) |
| Moderate | 482 (33·2) | 0 (0) | 11 (36·7) | 177 (39·7) | 294 (30·1) | 147 (33) | 133 (39·8) | 202 (30·1) | ||
| Severe | 692 (47·7) | 0 (0) | 11 (36·7) | 154 (34·5) | 527 (54) | 247 (55·4) | 140 (41·9) | 305 (45·4) | ||
| Pneumothorax | 33,489 | 142 (0·4) | 0 (0) | 6 (0·1) | 25 (0·2) | 111 (0·8) | 48 (0·9) | 34 (0·3) | 60 (0·4) | |
| Pleural fluid | 33,488 | 994 (3) | 0 (0) | 17 (0·2) | 176 (1·5) | 801 (5·9) | 277 (5·2) | 230 (2) | 487 (3) | |
| Meningitis | 33,488 | 22 (0·1) | 0 (0) | 4 (0·1) | 9 (0·1) | 9 (0·1) | 12 (0·2) | 3 (0) | 7 (0) | |
| Seizure | 33,487 | 80 (0·2) | 3 (0·3) | 6 (0·1) | 24 (0·2) | 47 (0·3) | 29 (0·5) | 23 (0·2) | 28 (0·2) | |
| Stroke | 33,496 | 125 (0·4) | 0 (0) | 2 (0) | 25 (0·2) | 98 (0·7) | 39 (0·7) | 33 (0·3) | 53 (0·3) | |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 32,828 | 215 (0·7) | 0 (0) | 6 (0·1) | 51 (0·5) | 158 (1·2) | 53 (1·1) | 60 (0·5) | 102 (0·6) | |
| Myocarditis | 33,487 | 31 (0·1) | 1 (0·1) | 3 (0) | 12 (0·1) | 15 (0·1) | 14 (0·3) | 5 (0) | 12 (0·1) | |
| Arrythmia | 33,482 | 159 (0·5) | 1 (0·1) | 5 (0·1) | 30 (0·3) | 123 (0·9) | 47 (0·9) | 45 (0·4) | 67 (0·4) | |
| Cardiac ischemia | 33,487 | 56 (0·2) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | 13 (0·1) | 42 (0·3) | 15 (0·3) | 20 (0·2) | 21 (0·1) | |
| Bacteraemia | 33,488 | 291 (0·9) | 2 (0·2) | 5 (0·1) | 72 (0·6) | 212 (1·6) | 80 (1·5) | 88 (0·8) | 123 (0·7) | |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 33,469 | 188 (0·6) | 0 (0) | 7 (0·1) | 30 (0·3) | 151 (1·1) | 52 (1) | 52 (0·4) | 84 (0·5) | |
| Clostridium difficile infection | 33,473 | 69 (0·2) | 0 (0) | 3 (0) | 11 (0·1) | 55 (0·4) | 17 (0·3) | 29 (0·2) | 23 (0·1) | |
| Pulmonary thromboembolism | 32,811 | 77 (0·2) | 0 (0) | 7 (0·1) | 21 (0·2) | 49 (0·4) | 27 (0·6) | 12 (0·1) | 38 (0·2) | |
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
As the number of missing values differed for each parameter, the number of cases in each parameter's age/wave category was used as the denominator for calculating the percentage.
Abbreviations: BiPAP/CPAP, bilevel positive airway pressure/continuous positive airway pressure; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HAP/VAP, hospital-acquired pneumonia/ventilator-associated pneumonia. IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; IQR, interquartile range; RRT, renal replacement therapy;
a
If the patient received these treatments at any time during hospitalisation, the treatment was included in the analysis.
b
If the patient received more than one type of oxygen support during the hospitalisation, only one higher level of oxygen support was counted (i.e. ECMO>IMV>BIPAP/CPAP>high-flow nasal canula>other oxygen support).
c
Facilities for isolation purposes where no medical or nursing care was necessary.
d
Data were counted only for the patients who were discharged alive.