Figure 2.

Repeated exposure to H. pylori induces tolerance in human monocytes. (A) Experimental setup of the monocyte short-term innate response model. Human monocytes were treated with LPS (5 ng/mL, blue bars) or with H. pylori (MOI 5, orange bars) for 24 h, washed and re-exposed to the respective stimulus (10 ng/mL LPS, for an additional 24 h. (B, C) Cytokine and chemokine secretion by monocytes experiencing two consecutive LPS stimuli (B) or H. pylori infections (Hp) (C) was analyzed by Multiplex assay. Bars indicate mean + SD of four individual donors. For statistical analysis, RM-ANOVA with Šidak’s post-hoc test was performed (**p ≤ 0.01, ****p ≤ 0.0001).