Fig. 1.

Cytokines’ gene expression at the mRNA level in foreskin samples of penile lichen sclerosus and control patients. Gene expression was assessed as described in methods. The ordinate axis is shown on a logarithmic scale. Bars and whiskers represent the mean ± standard deviation of the mean (SEM) of genes’ expression levels in PLS (dark grey bars) normalized to control foreskin (light grey bars) samples (presented as 1; dotted horizontal line at 1). *P < 0.05 (Mann–Whitney U test between each group, solid line). PLS penile lichen sclerosus