Fig. 2.

Cytokines’ mRNA levels in penile lichen sclerosus stages in relation to control samples. Gene expression was assessed as described in “Materials and methods”. The ordinate axis is shown on a logarithmic scale. Bars and whiskers represent the mean ± SEM normalized to control foreskin samples (presented as 1). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 (Mann–Whitney U test between each group, solid lines above bars; Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA test between all groups, dotted line above bars). LS lichen sclerosus