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. 2022 Feb 24;474(4):469–480. doi: 10.1007/s00424-022-02672-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Schematic view (in the top left corner) of a guide-cannula inserted in the ventrolateral column of the periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG). A photomicrograph of a representative site (black arrow) of microinjections of drugs in vlPAG is provided in the top right corner. In the bottom, drawings of midbrain transverse sections across rostrocaudal extensions of the periaqueductal gray matter, depicting the representation of the histologically confirmed injection sites (black circles) of either physiological saline or NMDA in the vlPAG. The number of points in the figure is fewer than the total number of rats because of overlapping injection sites. vlPAG ventrolateral columns of the periaqueductal gray matter, Pi pineal gland, Aq aquaeductus Sylvii, IC inferior colliculus. Calibration bar: 500 µm