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. 2022 Feb 24;474(4):469–480. doi: 10.1007/s00424-022-02672-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A Schematic representation of experimental timeline showing the sequence of the experimental procedures, in minutes. Day 1, rats were submitted to restraint habituation and tail-flick latency (TFL) baseline test, followed by exposure to open field apparatus and subsequent TFL assessment. Day 2, rats were habituated to the plethysmography chamber and whole-body plethysmography measures were recording for baseline and post-injection analysis. Arrows indicate the microinjection procedure. B Effect of chemical stimulation of vlPAG with microinjection of NMDA, at doses of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 nmol, or physiological saline on the behavioral response of defensive immobility (top) and locomotor activity expressed by the number (no.) of crossing (bottom). p < 0.001, compared with the control group (saline); ^#p < 0.001, when compared to the group treated with 0.1 nmol NMDA according to the one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), followed by the Newman-Keuls post hoc test. The columns represent the mean ± the standard error of the mean. N = 8. Frequency: number of times that rats expressed defensive immobility response. s: seconds