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. 2022 Mar 15;12:4433. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07843-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Geometrical relationship of GLCM computed based on distance d = 1 and four directions, where Ɵ = 0°, 45° 90°, and 135°. (b) The result of texture visualization after rescaling the intensity information from 16 to 3 bits through k-means and the quantile method. (c) The optimal k value of k-means and the quantile method determined in the tenfold cross validation experiment using the training dataset.