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. 2022 Mar 15;13:1252. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28663-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a During invasion, fetal EVTs encounter DSCs and interact with them. b Primary human DSCs were isolated from pre-pregnancy endometrial biopsies taken during the window of implantation. Scale bar, 1 cm. c Isolated DSCs were cultured in a flask prior to seeding into the ECM compartment of the implantation-on-a-chip device. The representative image is from three independent experiments. Scale bar, 100 μm. d A micrograph of DSCs (magenta) in the hydrogel. Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). The representative image is from three independent experiments. Scale bar, 100 μm. e Comparison of EVT migration towards ECs in the absence (left colum) or presence (right colum) of DSCs. Scale bars, 200 μm. Tissue-specificity of the observed effects was investigated by replacing DSCs with f NHLFs and g TECs in the ECM compartment. The representative images of (e-g) are from three independent experiments. h–j Quantification of EVT invasion under different combinations of cultured cells. Data are presented as mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test (n = 3 independent devices per group). p values are shown on graphs. DSCs, Decidual stromal cells. NHLFs: Normal human lung fibroblasts, TECs: Tracheal epithelial cells Source data are provided as a Source Data file.