Fig. 1.

An adapted amalgamation of a leaf blower, propane gas heater, and oxalic acid vaporizer as developed by a commercial beekeeping operation to improve the economic viability of acute oxalic acid treatment of many hundreds of colonies. Devices such as this allow even large apiaries to be treated with minimal labour (relative to the wider of context of beekeeping), but rely on beekeeper-led innovation and potentially loose regulatory environments.