TABLE 2.

Intervention of probiotics on males and their sperm.

Probiotics	Study subjects and size	PMID number of reference	Sperm motility	Sperm count	Normal sperm morphology	Sperm concentration	Sperm volume	Sperm viability	Antioxidant capacity	Sex hormones	Inflammatory factors	Others
Lactobacillus brevis [CD2], L. salivarius [FV2], and L. plantarum [FV9]	Normozoospermic men who sought medical care for infertility (n = 10)	21497805	↑					↑	↑
Lactobacillus rhamnosus CECT8361 and Bifidobacterium longum CECT7347	Asthenozoospermic men without any medical treatment (n = 9)	28343402	↑					NA				Sperm DNA fragmentation↑
Lactobacillus paracasei B21060	Oligoasthenotera- tospermia men (n = 20)	28245352	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑			↑
Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, and Streptococcus thermophiles	Men with idiopathic oligoasthenotera- tozoospermia (n = 52)	32985280	↑	↑		↑	↑		↑	NA	↓
Bacillus subtilis KA TMIRA1933 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895	Male chickens (n = 20)	29238921			↑	↑
Lactobacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus casei	Male Wistar rats (n = 32)	33225493		↑	↑			↑	↑	↑		Benefit parameters of testis↑
Lactobacillus rhamnosus Gorbach–Goldin (LGG)	Kunming mice (n = 18)	32265160	↑	↑	↑				↑	↑	↓	Sperm DNA fragmentation↑
Lactobacillus rhamnosus PB01 (DSM-14870)	Male C57BL/6N Tac mice (n = 24)	29016685	↑							↑
C. utilis (Cu.M02) and S. thermophilus (St.S07)	Male ICR mice (n = 75)	22207218	↑	↑	↑					↑
Lactobacillus rhamnosus CECT8361 and Bifidobacterium longum CECT7347	Adult zebrafish males (n = 36)	31013929	↑			↑

NA, not affected. Blank tables represent that the experiments are not conducted in this study.