Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the experimental design. (a) Controls or (b) one single-parasitoid female with either 5, 10, 25, 50 or 100 D. simulans per 10 ml of media (n = 384 vials), (c) two parasitoids conspecific (n = 88 vials), or (d) two parasitoids heterospecific (n = 68 vials) with 50 D. simulans per 10 ml of media. (e) Rearing until adults emerge for experiments 1 and 2 (up to 41 days), or (f) dissection of 10 third instar larvae or pupae per vial 2, 3 or 4 days after infection for experiment 3. (Online version in colour.)