Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Reference | Participant characteristics | Intervention protocol | ||||||||
| Authors | Country, Language | Diagnostic criteria | Hoehn-Yahr classification | N, male/female | Age | Method | Session duration/frequency/period/# sessions/duration of VRa treatment per week | Platform | ||
| Chen et al [33] | China, Chinese | Chinese Parkinson Diagnostic Criteria | EGb: 2.52 (SD 0.51); CGc: 2.57 (SD 0.50) | EG: 23, 14/9; CG: 23, 12/11 | EG: 62.09 (SD 6.11); CG: 64.65 (SD 5.06) | EG: VR training; CG: routine rehabilitation training | 50 min/5 times per wk/6 wk/30/250 min | BioFlex-FP posture control evaluation and training system | ||
| Cheng et al [47] | China, Chinese | MDS-PDd | EG: 3.1 (SD 0.6); CG: 3.0 (SD 0.6) | EG: 20, 9/11; CG: 20, 8/12 | EG: 59.2 (SD 7.3); CG: 58.6 (SD 7.5) | EG: VR training+ routine rehabilitation training (40 min); CG: routine rehabilitation training | 20 min/2 times per wk/8 wk/16/40 min | Silverfit 3D motion capture analysis system | ||
| Sun et al [46] | China, Chinese | Clinical diagnosis | Total: 1-4 | EG: 30, 19/11; CG: 30, 21/9 | EG: 61.43 (SD 7.34); CG: 62.54 (SD 6.98) | EG: VR training + strengthen muscle strength training (20 min); CG: routine rehabilitation training + medication | 20 min/5 times per wk/4 wk/20/100 min | Silverfit 3D motion capture analysis system | ||
| Lin et al [48] | China, Chinese | Chinese Parkinson Diagnostic Criteria | Total: 2.5-4 | EG: 18, 12/6; CG: 15, 10/5 | EG: 61.4 (SD 8.2); CG: 62.1 (SD 6.3) | EG: VR training + medication; CG: routine rehabilitation training + medication | 30 min/5 times per wk/4 wk/20/150 min | Xbox (Microsoft Corp) | ||
| Liu et al [45] | China, Chinese | Chinese Parkinson diagnostic criteria | Total: 3 | EG: 21, 11/10; CG: 21, 12/9 | EG: 60.9 (SD 7.20); CG: 63.9 (SD 5.82) | EG: VR training; CG: routine rehabilitation training | 20 min/5 times per wk/4 wk/20/150 min | Computer-assisted rehabilitation environment (CAREN) | ||
| Pompeu et al [35] | Brazil, English | Clinical diagnosis | Total: 1-2 | Total: 32, 17/15 | Total: 67.4 (SD 8.1) | EG: VR training; CG: routine rehabilitation training | 30 min/2 times per wk/7 wk/14/60 min | Wii Fit (Nintendo Co Ltd) | ||
| Van et al [34] | UK, English | UK-PDSBBe | Total: 2-3 | EG: 17, 12/5; CG: 16, 8/8 | EG: 66.3 (SD 6.39); CG: 68.8 (SD 9.68) | EG: VR training; CG: routine rehabilitation training | 60 min/2 times per wk/5 wk/10/120 min | Workstations consisted of a flat-panel LCD monitor connected to a PC containing a total of 6 commercially available, interactive dynamic balance exercises (Motek Medical) | ||
| Lee et al [37] | Korea, English | Clinical diagnosis | NRf | EG: 10, 5/5; CG: 10, 5/5 | EG: 68.4 (SD 2.9); CG: 70.1 (SD 3.3) | EG: VR training + neurodevelopmental therapy (NR) + functional electrical stimulation therapy (NR); CG: routine rehabilitation training | 30 min/5 times per wk/6 wk/30/150 min | k-pop dance festival (Nintendo Inc) game for the Wii (Nintendo Inc) video game system | ||
| Shih et al [41] | Taiwan, English | UK-PDSBB | EG: 1.6 (SD 0.84) ; CG: 1.4 (SD 0.52) | EG: 10, 9/1; CG: 10, 7/3 | EG: 67.5 (SD 9.96); CG: 68.8 (SD 9.67) | EG: VR training; CG: routine rehabilitation training | 50 min/2 times per wk/8 wk/16/100 min | Kinect sensor (Microsoft Corp) | ||
| Yang et al [36] | Taiwan, English | UK-PDSBB | Total: 2-3 | EG: 11, 7/4; CG: 12, 7/5 | EG: 75.4 (SD 6.3); CG: 72.5 (SD 8.4) | EG: VR training; CG: routine rehabilitation training | 50 min/2 times per wk/6 wk/12/100 min | VR balance training system included a 22-inch all-in-one touchscreen computer (Micro-Star International Co Ltd) and a wireless balance board | ||
| Ozgonenel et al [40] | Istanbul, English | Clinical diagnosis | Total: 1-3 | EG: 15, 10/5; CG: 18, 12/6 | EG: 64; CG: 65 | EG: VR training + routine rehabilitation training (NR); CG: balance rehabilitation training | 20 min/3 times per wk/5 wk/15/60 min | Xbox (Microsoft Corp) | ||
| Gandolfi et al [38] | Italy, English | UK-PDSBB | Total: 1-3 | EG: 38, 23/15; CG: 38, 28/10 | EG: 67.45 (SD 7.18); CG: 69.84 (SD 9.41) | EG: VR training + balance rehabilitation training (NR); CG: sensory integration balance rehabilitation training | 50 min/3 times per wk/7 wk/21/150 min | Wii Fit gaming system and balance board (Nintendo Co Ltd) | ||
| Ribas et al [43] | Brazil, English | UK-PDSBB | Total: 2-3 | EG: 10, 4/6; CG: 10, 4/6 | EG: 61.7. (SD 6.83); CG: 60.20 (SD 11.29) | EG: VR training; CG: routine rehabilitation training | 30 min/2 times per wk/12 wk/24/60 min | Wii Fit gaming system, and balance board (Nintendo Co Ltd) | ||
| Santos et al [39] | US, English | UK-PDSBB | EG: 1.4 (SD 0.6); CG: 1.3 (SD 0.3) | EG: 13; CG: 14 | EG: 61.7 (SD 7.3); CG: 64.5 (SD 9.8) | EG: VR training; CG: routine rehabilitation training | 50 min/2 times per wk/8 wk/16/100 min | Wii Fit gaming system and balance board (Nintendo Co Ltd) | ||
| Feng et al [42] | China, English | UK-PDSBB | EG: 3.03 (SD 0.55); CG: 2.97 (SD 2.66) | EG: 14, 8/7; CG: 14, 9/6 | EG: 67.47 (SD 4.79); CG: 66.93 (SD 4.64) | EG: VR training + medication; CG: routine rehabilitation training + medication | 45 min/5 times per wk/12 wk/60/225 min | NR | ||
| Tollár et al [49] | UK, English | UK-PDSBB | EG: 2.3 (SD 0.48); CG: 2.4 (SD 0.51) | EG: 25, 12/13; CG: 25, 11/14 | EG: 70.0 (SD 4.69); CG: 70.6 (SD 4.10) | EG: VR training + medication; CG: routine rehabilitation training + medication | 60 min/5 times per wk/5 wk/25/300 min | EXEg used the following 3 visual feedback modules of the Xbox 360 core system (Kinect Adventures, Microsoft Corp) | ||
aVR: virtual reality.
bEG: experiment group.
cCG: control group.
dMDS-PD: Movement Disorder Society clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease.
eUK-PDSBB: United Kingdom Parkinson Disease Society Brain Bank criteria.
fNR: no report.
gEXE: exergame.