TABLE 1.
Characteristics of employed mothers of children with isolated orofacial clefts and controls, Texas, 1999–2009
| Controls (n = 1932) |
CLP cases (n = 887) |
CP cases (n = 436) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| Maternal age at delivery | |||
| <20 | 115 (6.0) | 49 (5.5) | 20 (4.6) |
| 20–34 | 1563 (80.9) | 708 (80.0) | 352 (80.7) |
| ≥35 | 254 (13.2) | 130 (14.7) | 64 (14.7) |
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Maternal BMI (kg/m2)a | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 24 (3.0) | 14 (3.6) | 11 (5.4) |
| Normal (18.5–<25) | 352 (44.1) | 181 (46.8) | 78 (38.4) |
| Overweight (25–<30) | 226 (28.3) | 94 (24.3) | 55 (27.1) |
| Obese (30+) | 194 (24.3) | 97 (25.1) | 58 (28.6) |
| Missing | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) |
| Maternal education | |||
| <High school | 221 (11.4) | 111 (12.5) | 60 (13.8) |
| High school | 603 (31.2) | 280 (31.6) | 135 (31.0) |
| ≥College | 1095 (56.7) | 491 (55.4) | 241 (55.3) |
| Missing | 13 (0.7) | 5 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 924 (47.8) | 474 (53.4)c | 233 (53.4) |
| Black | 253 (13.1) | 72 (8.1) | 52 (11.9) |
| Hispanic | 657 (34.0) | 307 (34.6) | 128 (29.4) |
| Others | 93 (4.8) | 32 (3.6) | 23 (5.3) |
| Missing | 5 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) |
| Mother married | |||
| Yes | 1320 (68.3) | 623 (70.3) | 296 (67.9) |
| No | 612 (31.7) | 263 (29.7) | 140 (32.1) |
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) |
| Parity | |||
| 0 | 791 (40.9) | 341 (38.4) | 166 (38.1) |
| ≥1 | 1104 (57.1) | 530 (59.8) | 257 (58.9) |
| Missing | 37 (1.9) | 16 (1.8) | 13 (3.0) |
| Any diabetes | |||
| Yes | 71 (3.7) | 45 (5.1) | 19 (4.4) |
| No | 1861 (96.3) | 842 (94.9) | 417 (95.6) |
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Smoking during pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 133 (6.9) | 81 (9.1)c | 47 (10.8)c |
| No | 1786 (92.4) | 797 (89.9) | 388 (89.0) |
| Missing | 13 (0.7) | 9 (1.0) | 1 (0.2) |
| Alcohol use during pregnancyb | |||
| Yes | 11 (1.0) | 10 (2.0) | 3 (1.3) |
| No | 1110 (97.9) | 482 (96.4) | 229 (98.3) |
| Missing | 13 (1.2) | 8 (1.6) | 1 (0.4) |
BMI, body mass index; CLP, cleft lip with or without cleft palate; CP, cleft palate only.
a
Only available during 2005–2009.
b
Only available during 1999–2004.
c
Chi-square P < 0.05.