TABLE 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of hypertensive patients stratified by severity and survival of COVID‐19
| Variable | Total (n = 702) | Moderate (n = 418) | Severe and critical (n = 284) | p‐value | Survivor (n = 680) | Non‐survivor (n = 22) | p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.0 (58.0, 73.0) | 65.0 (57.0, 71.0) | 69.5 (62.0, 76.0) | <.001 | 66.0 (58.0, 73.0) | 71.5 (65.0, 78.8) | .012 |
| Male, n (%) | 367 (52.2) | 205 (49.0) | 162 (57.0) | .037 | 352 (51.8) | 15 (68.2) | .129 |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 44 (6.3) | 24 (5.7) | 20 (7.0) | .485 | 43 (6.3) | 1 (4.5) | 1.000 |
| Symptoms, n (%) | |||||||
| Fever | 490 (69.8) | 293 (70.1) | 197 (69.4) | .836 | 476 (70.0) | 14 (63.6) | .522 |
| Cough | 471 (67.1) | 272 (65.1) | 199 (70.1) | .167 | 457 (67.2) | 14 (63.6) | .726 |
| Dyspnea | 274 (39.0) | 158 (37.8) | 116 (40.8) | .417 | 267 (39.3) | 7 (31.8) | .481 |
| Muscle ache | 178 (25.4) | 104 (24.9) | 74 (26.1) | .725 | 172 (25.3) | 6 (27.3) | .834 |
| Diarrhea | 30 (4.3) | 18 (4.3) | 12 (4.2) | .959 | 29 (4.3) | 1 (4.5) | 1.000 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||
| Diabetes | 177 (25.2) | 93 (22.2) | 84 (29.6) | .028 | 173 (25.4) | 4 (18.2) | .440 |
| Coronary heart disease | 82 (11.7) | 44 (10.5) | 38 (13.4) | .248 | 76 (11.2) | 6 (27.3) | .048 |
| Asthma | 37 (5.3) | 16 (3.8) | 21 (7.4) | .038 | 34 (5.0) | 3 (13.6) | .194 |
| COPD | 32 (4.6) | 13 (3.1) | 19 (6.7) | .026 | 28 (4.1) | 4 (18.2) | .010 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 19 (2.7) | 8 (1.9) | 11 (3.9) | .116 | 16 (2.4) | 3 (13.6) | .019 |
| Tumor | 18 (2.6) | 11 (2.6) | 7 (2.5) | .891 | 17 (2.5) | 1 (4.5) | .440 |
| Laboratory findings | |||||||
| Leukocyte count (10 9 /L) | 5.96 (4.90, 7.38) | 5.70 (4.70, 7.00) | 6.51 (5.00, 8.25) | <.001 | 5.90 (4.85, 7.20) | 9.05 (5.49, 13.5) | <.001 |
| Neutrophil count (10 9 /L) | 3.73 (2.81, 5.02) | 3.49 (2.73, 4.58) | 4.24 (3.04, 6.10) | <.001 | 3.67 (2.78, 4.95) | 7.84 (4.39, 12.2) | <.001 |
| Lymphocyte count (10 9 /L) | 1.44 (1.02, 1.79) | 1.54 (1.15, 1.93) | 1.27 (0.82, 1.64) | <.001 | 1.46 (1.05, 1.82) | 0.75 (0.44, 1.01) | <.001 |
| D‐dimer (mg/L) | 0.53 (0.30, 1.17) | 0.41 (0.23, 0.77) | 0.86 (0.45, 1.83) | <.001 | 0.51 (0.29, 1.10) | 3.66 (2.41, 7.24) | <.001 |
| ALT (u/L) | 21.9 (14.6, 36.8) | 21.4 (14.2, 35.3) | 22.6 (15.2, 38.7) | .121 | 21.5 (14.4, 35.9) | 38.2 (20.1, 67.3) | <.001 |
| AST (u/L) | 19.7 (15.5, 26.7) | 18.6 (15.1, 23.8) | 21.5 (16.6, 32.1) | <.001 | 19.5 (15.4, 25.9) | 45.5 (32.1, 56.4) | <.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 65.5 (55.8, 78.9) | 65.5 (56.3, 78.1) | 65.5 (54.3, 79.5) | .950 | 65.4 (55.8, 78.4) | 79.5 (54.2, 140.5) | .026 |
| LDH (u/L) | 190.1 (160.0, 230.4) | 175.3 (155.2, 206.4) | 207.9 (174.5, 264.5) | <.001 | 188.6 (159.2, 224.7) | 413.1 (280.2, 523.8) | <.001 |
| hs‐TnI (ng/ml) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.03) | <.001 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.33) | <.001 |
| BNP (pg/ml) | 15.6 (0.01, 60.7) | 0.01 (0.01, 36.5) | 41.9 (0.01, 127.7) | <.001 | 14.0 (0.01, 55.8) | 103.8 (43.2, 321.9) | <.001 |
| hs‐CRP (mg/L) | 3.37 (1.17, 14.6) | 2.13 (0.92, 6.95) | 7.87 (2.14, 34.4) | <.001 | 3.06 (1.15, 12.78) | 121.1 (51.7, 135.9) | <.001 |
| PCT (ng/ml) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.16) | 0.05 (0.03, 0.12) | 0.07 (0.04, 0.17) | .002 | 0.05 (0.03, 0.14) | 0.38 (0.14, 1.10) | <.001 |
| Treatment, n (%) | |||||||
| ACEI/ARB | 78 (11.1) | 42 (10.0) | 36 (12.7) | .277 | 77 (11.3) | 1 (4.5) | .515 |
| β blocker | 104 (14.8) | 54 (12.9) | 50 (17.6) | .086 | 102 (15.0) | 2 (9.1) | .643 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 406 (57.8) | 237 (56.7) | 169 (59.5) | .460 | 398 (58.5) | 8 (36.4) | .038 |
| Diuretic | 42 (6.0) | 14 (3.3) | 28 (9.9) | <.001 | 40 (5.9) | 2 (9.1) | .867 |
| Antiviral therapy | 305 (43.4) | 167 (40.0) | 138 (48.6) | .023 | 292 (42.9) | 13 (59.1) | .133 |
| Glucocorticoid | 80 (11.4) | 28 (6.7) | 52 (18.3) | <.001 | 71 (10.4) | 9 (40.9) | <.001 |
| Blood pressure measurements | |||||||
| mean SBP (mm Hg) | 130.0 (123.4, 138.0) | 130.1 (123.4, 137.1) | 129.9 (123.4, 138.7) | .867 | 130.0 (123.4, 137.9) | 130.9 (125.5, 140.2) | .815 |
| SD SBP (mm Hg) | 11.6 (9.11, 14.2) | 11.2 (8.80, 13.6) | 11.7 (9.47, 14.8) | .017 | 11.4 (9.07, 14.0) | 16.3 (12.5, 23.4) | <.001 |
| CV SBP (%) | 8.87 (7.01, 10.7) | 8.76 (6.75, 10.4) | 9.05 (7.46, 11.0) | .017 | 8.82 (6.99, 10.6) | 12.4 (9.72, 18.3) | <.001 |
| VIM SBP (units) | 11.6 (9.18, 14.0) | 11.5 (8.82, 13.6) | 11.9 (9.76, 14.5) | .018 | 11.5 (9.13, 13.8) | 16.3 (12.7, 23.9) | <.001 |
| mean DBP (mm Hg) | 78.1 (74.1, 82.9) | 78.9 (74.7, 83.9) | 77.3 (73.2, 81.4) | <.001 | 78.2 (74.2, 82.9) | 74.0 (69.8, 76.5) | .001 |
| SD DBP (mm Hg) | 7.77 (6.49, 9.96) | 7.75 (6.45, 9.72) | 7.90 (6.57, 10.2) | .151 | 7.75 (6.45, 9.84) | 11.2 (8.87, 13.1) | <.001 |
| CV DBP (%) | 9.95 (8.32, 12.4) | 9.77 (8.24, 12.1) | 10.4 (8.45, 13.0) | .013 | 9.88 (8.28, 12.2) | 15.6 (12.0, 17.3) | <.001 |
| VIM DBP (units) | 7.85 (6.55, 9.87) | 7.75 (6.51, 9.64) | 8.03 (6.63, 10.2) | .059 | 7.76 (6.52, 9.70) | 11.4 (9.40, 13.5) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019; COPD, Chronic obstructive lung disease; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; hs‐TnI, high‐sensitive cardiac troponin I; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein; PCT, procalcitonin; ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; CV, coefficient of variation; VIM, variation independent of mean.