Table 1.
Associations of key risk factors with seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG (Zambia, 2020/2021)
| Number of participants | IgG detected | % | Adjusted OR * | 95%CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | 2,977 | 401 | 13.5% | |||
| Gender | 0.321 | |||||
| Men | 1,246 | 158 | 12.7% | 1.00 | ||
| Women | 1,731 | 243 | 14.0% | 1.12 | (0.89-1.41) | |
| Age | 0.028 | |||||
| 15-19 | 761 | 74 | 9.7% | 1.00 | ||
| 20-29 | 960 | 137 | 14.3% | 1.43 | (1.03-1.99) | |
| 30-39 | 510 | 73 | 14.3% | 1.47 | (1.03-2.09) | |
| 40-49 | 311 | 50 | 16.1% | 1.85 | (1.24-2.74 | |
| 50+ | 435 | 67 | 15.4% | 1.52 | (1.05-2.19) | |
| Household size | 0.999 | |||||
| 6 or more household members | 1,601 | 215 | 13.4% | 1.00 | ||
| 4/5 household members | 833 | 109 | 13.1% | 1.02 | (0.77-1.36) | |
| 3 members | 332 | 47 | 14.2% | 1.00 | (0.69-1.46) | |
| 2 members | 170 | 25 | 14.7% | 1.04 | (0.65-1.68) | |
| 1 member | 41 | 5 | 12.2% | 1.00 | (0.36-2.80) | |
| COVID-19 Diagnosed | 0.704 | |||||
| No | 2969 | 399 | 13.4% | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 8 | 2 | 25.0% | 1.37 | (0.27-6.92) | |
| Symptoms COVID-19 | 0.467 | |||||
| No | 2925 | 388 | 13.3% | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 52 | 13 | 25.0% | 1.27 | (0.67-2.42) | |
| Duration of symptoms COVID-19 | 0.025 | |||||
| 0 days (No symptoms) | 2925 | 387 | 13.2% | 1.00 | ||
| 1-3 days | 24 | 1 | 4.2% | 0.16 | (0.01-1.84) | |
| 4-6 days | 8 | 3 | 37.5% | 2.06 | (0.46-9.20) | |
| 7 days or more | 20 | 9 | 45.0% | 3.01 | (1.26-7.24) | |
| Reports a current or past case of COVID-19 in household | 0.984 | |||||
| No | 2966 | 398 | 13.4% | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 11 | 3 | 27.3% | 0.99 | (0.22-4.34) | |
| HIV status | 0.540 | |||||
| Tested HIV-negative | 1934 | 270 | 14.0% | 1.00 | ||
| Tested HIV-positive | 37 | 3 | 8.1% | 0.45 | (0.12-1.67) | |
| Self-reported HIV-positive | 442 | 62 | 14.0% | 0.85 | (0.61-1.19) | |
| Not tested/tested indeterminate | 564 | 66 | 11.7% | 0.94 | (0.67-1.32) | |
| TB | 0.918 | |||||
| No history of TB | 2851 | 384 | 13.5% | 1.00 | ||
| Self-reported currently on TB-X | 8 | 0 | 0.0% | NA | ||
| History of TB | 110 | 16 | 14.5% | 1.13 | (0.64-1.97) | |
| Bacteriologically confirmed TB | 8 | 1 | 12.5% | 0.99 | (0.17-5.67) | |
| Health Care Worker | 0.261 | |||||
| No | 2945 | 399 | 13.5% | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 32 | 2 | 6.3% | 0.37 | (0.07-2.09) | |
| Use public transport past 2 weeks | 0.021 | |||||
| No | 898 | 110 | 12.2% | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 2079 | 291 | 14.0% | 1.32 | (1.04-1.69) | |
| Currently smoking | 0.060 | |||||
| No | 2705 | 370 | 13.7% | 1.00 | ||
| Sometimes | 135 | 20 | 14.8% | 1.09 | (0.64-1.86) | |
| Daily | 137 | 11 | 8.0% | 0.47 | (0.25-0.90) |