Table 3.
Description of included systematic reviews: Enforcement
| Review first author, date of publication | Date of search to identify studies for this review | Interventions | Participants | Number of included studies (type of study design) | Geographic area | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aeron-Thomas 2005 [23] | June-02 | Cameras used at intersections to detect red‐light violators |
All road users, Intersections and areas assigned red-light cameras. |
10 (controlled before and after) |
HIC (USA, Australia, Singapore) |
Road traffic casualties and crashes Red-light violations |
| Blais 2005 [24] | Not stated | Tough police interventions (random breath testing, sobriety checkpoints, random road watch, photo-radar) | Drivers of all motorised vehicles | 10 (before and after studies) | High-income countries | Decrease in accidents |
| Bunn 2003 [12] | Jan-08 | Vertical and horizontal shifts in traffic (e.g. road humps, speed cushions, raised crosswalks. Reduced speed limit zones. | Areas covering a number of different streets, including residential and main roads, treated with traffic calming measures | 22 (controlled before-and-after studies) | HIC (Germany, UK, Australia, Netherlands, Denmark, Japan, and Spain) |
Road traffic crashes. Pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions |
| Goss 2008 [28] | Not stated | Police patrols that target alcohol-impaired driving | All drivers using public roads | 32 (RCTs, controlled before and after, controlled interrupted time-series) | High-income countries | Alcohol-impaired driving |
| Elder 2002 [25] | Not stated | Sobriety checkpoints | Drinking drivers | 17 (interrupted time-series, before and after) | High-income countries | Reducing alcohol-involved crashes |
| Erke 2009 [26] | Not stated | Red light cameras | Drivers of all motorised vehicles | 21 (before and after, time series) | High-income countries | Reduction of crashes |
| Erke 2009 [27] | Not stated | Drink driving check-points | Drivers of all motorised vehicles | 40 (before and after, interrupted time series) | HIC (Australia, UK, USA, Canada, New Zealand) | Reduction of crashes involving alcohol |
| Hoye 2014 [29] | Not stated | Speed cameras and section control (point-to-point speed cameras) | Drivers of all motorised vehicles | 9 (before and after studies) | HIC (Australia, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Italy, USA, Scotland) | Total crash numbers |
| Pilkington 2005 [31] | Feb-04 | Speed cameras | Drivers of all motorised vehicles | 14 (Controlled before and after, before and after without control, time-series analysis) | HIC (UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Norway) |
Road traffic collisions, Injuries, and deaths. |
| Peek-asa 1999 [30] | 1997 | Random Alcohol Screening in Reducing Motor Vehicle Crash Injuries | Drivers of all motorised vehicles | 14 (Ecological studies, interrupted time-series, quasi-experimental time-series) | HIC (USA, Australia) | Random screening significantly reduced crashes and injuries |
| Wilson 2010 [32] | Mar-10 | All automated and semi‐automated methods and systems available for speed enforcement (speed cameras (photo radar) laser and other radar devices as well as ancillary equipment such as road embedded electromagnetic loops.) | Drivers of all motorised vehicles |
35 (controlled before‐after trials, interrupted time series studies) |
HIC (Australia, Canada, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Finland, England, UK, London, Hong Kong, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, USA) |
Percentage of speeding drivers above the speed limit The absolute pre/post change in speed or the percentage pre/post change in speed in areas with and without cameras. Duration of speed reduction (i.e. time and distance halos): Crash and injury outcomes |