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. 2022 Mar 16;20:130. doi: 10.1186/s12967-022-03337-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Cytokines. The levels of cytokines (IL-4, 5, 13, 17, 25, 33, and IFN-γ) were measured in BALF in all groups. The levels of IL-4, 5, 13, 17, 25, and 33 were increased significantly (p < 0.05) after sensitization/challenge with OVA and also OVA-LPS as compared to their levels in non-sensitized animals and the level of INF-γ were decreased in sensitized/challenged group. The pro- and pre-biotic treated reduced the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-25 and IL-33 as compared to non-treated OVA-LPS induced asthmatic mice. The level of IL-17 was significantly decreased only in probiotics treated group. The levels of IFN-γ considerably (p < 0.05) increased in the probiotics and prebiotics treated groups. The significant difference (p < 0.05) between treated groups and non-treated OVA-LPS group was shown with symbols that include: * for IL-33, # for IL-25, @ for IL-17, & for IL-13, $ for IL-5, and % for IL-4