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. 2022 Mar 16;20:130. doi: 10.1186/s12967-022-03337-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Lung histopathology. Lung sections were stained with H&E and PAS and the infiltration of inflammatory cells (eosinophils) into perivascular and peribronchial, along with goblet cell hyperplasia, and mucus hypersecretion were studied. The histopathological results showed that infiltration of inflammatory cells into the perivascular and peribronchial regions, goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hyper-production were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in OVA-LPS-induced asthmatic mice compared with the PBS sensitized mice. A result analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in perivascular and peribronchial inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hyper-production in the probiotic-treated groups compared with the OVA-LPS group. Treatment with prebiotics could significantly (p < 0.05) control only peribronchial inflammation. The significant difference of the results (p < 0.05) between treated groups and non-treated OVA-LPS groups was shown with symbols that include: * for perivascular inflammation, # for peribronchial inflammation, & for mucus hypersecretion, and @ for goblet cell hyperplasia. In the histopathologic sections, hyperplasia of the goblet cells were shown by green arrow, hypersecretion of mucus was shown by yellow arrow, perivascular eosinophilc inflammation was shown by blue arrow and peribronchial eosinophilc inflammation was shown by red arrow