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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2020 Oct 30;50(3):337–352. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1823848

Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics for Study Variables

Time 1
(N=1,087)
Time 2
(N=1,083)
Time 3
(N=1,057)
Time 4
(N=1,060)
Time 5
(N=1,061)
Time 6
(N=1,056)
Time 7
(N=1,042)
Time 8
(N=1,031)
Time 9
(N=1,004)
Time10
(N=962)
M/% (SD) M/% (SD) M/% (SD) M/% (SD) M/% (SD) M/% (SD) M/% (SD) M/% (SD) M/% (SD) M/% (SD)
Age 17.1 (1.1) 17.6 (1.1) 18.0 (1.1) 18.5 (1.1) 19.0 (1.1) 19.5 (1.1) 20.5 (1.1) 21.5 (1.1) 22.5 (1.1) 23.5 (1.1)
Gun violence 6.0% 5.6% 4.5% 3.5% 3.2% 3.0% 5.1% 4.0% 3.7% 2.7%
Gun carrying only 6.8% 6.9% 8.9% 8.8% 7.2% 7.6% 10.6% 10.7% 8.2% 6.0%
Risk factors
Non-gun serious violence 22.9% 18.6% 15.2% 13.8% 9.8% 10.3% 13.3% 10.1% 9.5% 8.0%
Drug dealing 16.3% 16.8% 16.1% 17.0% 13.6% 15.0% 18.4% 16.9% 17.0% 15.4%
Gang membership 13.9% 12.4% 11.5% 11.0% 10.1% 9.3% 8.7% 7.6% 7.2% 6.6%
Regular heavy drinking 11.9% 13.7% 15.8% 16.1% 15.9% 18.9% 21.6% 22.1% 25.2% 27.6%
Poor impulse control 3.1 (0.9) 3.2 (0.9) 3.2 (1.0) 3.0 (0.9) 3.2 (0.9) 3.2 (1.0) 3.3 (1.0) 3.2 (1.0) 3.3 (1.0) 3.3 (1.0)
Personal rewards of crime 2.4 (2.5) 2.3 (2.4) 2.1 (2.4) 2.1 (2.4) 1.9 (2.3) 1.8 (2.3) 1.6 (2.2) 1.7 (2.3) 1.6 (2.2) 1.6 (2.3)
Peer gun carrying 2.0 (1.3) 1.9 (1.2) 1.9 (1.2) 1.8 (1.2) 1.8 (1.1) 1.7 (1.1) 1.8 (1.1) 1.8 (1.1) 1.8 (1.1) 1.7 (1.0)
Peer non-gun delinquency 1.9 (0.9) 1.8 (0.8) 1.7 (0.8) 1.7 (0.8) 1.6 (0.7) 1.5 (0.7) 1.6 (0.8) 1.6 (0.7) 1.5 (0.7) 1.5 (0.7)
Exposure to violence 1.2 (1.6) 1.1 (1.5) 1.1 (1.5) 0.9 (1.4) 0.9 (1.3) 0.8 (1.3) 1.1 (1.6) 1.0 (1.6) 0.9 (1.4) 0.9 (1.4)
Neighborhood disorder 2.3 (0.9) 2.3 (0.8) 2.4 (0.8) 2.3 (0.8) 2.3 (0.8) 2.3 (0.8) 2.3 (0.8) 2.3 (0.8) 2.2 (0.8) 2.2 (0.8)
Protective factors
Concern for others 3.5 (0.9) 3.5 (0.8) 3.5 (0.9) 3.6 (0.8) 3.6 (0.8) 3.6 (0.8) 3.7 (0.8) 3.8 (0.8) 3.8 (0.8) 3.7 (0.8)
Expectations for work/family 3.8 (0.8) 3.9 (0.8) 3.9 (0.8) 3.9 (0.9) 3.9 (0.9) 3.9 (0.9) 4.0 (0.9) 4.0 (0.9) 4.1 (0.8) 4.0 (0.8)
Aspirations for work/family 4.7 (0.5) 4.7 (0.5) 4.7 (0.5) 4.7 (0.5) 4.7 (0.5) 4.7 (0.5) 4.8 (0.4) 4.8 (0.4) 4.8 (0.4) 4.8 (0.4)
Religious beliefs 3.1 (1.3) 3.0 (1.3) 3.0 (1.3) 3.0 (1.3) 3.0 (1.3) 3.0 (1.3) 3.0 (1.3) 3.0 (1.3) 3.1 (1.3) 3.0 (1.3)
Strong adult social support
  No adult supports 19.6% 22.5% 22.0% 25.0% 29.3% 30.0% 29.1% 28.1% 35.4% 38.5%
  One adult support 69.8% 69.6% 71.2% 69.1% 63.9% 63.7% 66.4% 66.0% 60.2% 56.4%
  Two adult supports 10.6% 7.9% 6.8% 5.9% 6.8% 6.3% 4.5% 5.9% 4.4% 5.1%
Time in Secure Facility
Entire recall period 18.7% 17.0% 13.9% 13.2% 13.8% 14.8% 8.6% 7.7% 6.5% 10.1%
Part of recall period 50.7% 47.6% 40.2% 40.7% 36.4% 36.3% 45.7% 46.0% 43.5% 42.6%
Street months 3.6 (2.5) 3.8 (2.4) 4.3 (2.2) 4.4 (2.3) 4.6 (2.2) 4.7 (2.1) 8.9 (4.4) 8.8 (4.4) 8.8 (4.6) 8.7 (4.5)