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Mechanisms of action for CTLA-4 and PD-1. (A) CTLA-4 acts at the priming phase of the immune response enhancing the activation of T lymphocytes. (B) The main anatomical site of PD-1 activity is the tumor microenvironment. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 normalize the antitumor immune response. This figure contains elements from Servier Medical Art.
