Table 6.
Factors predicting death
| OR (95% CI), P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Model-1 | Model-2 | Model-3 | Model-4 | |
| Age (Reference: 18-45 years) | ||||
| <18 years | 0.5 (0.1-1.7), 0.236 | 0.6 (0.1-5·9), 0.696 | 2.3 (0.4-13), 0.355 | 2 (0.2-18), 0.521 |
| 45-60 years | 1.7 (1.2-2.5), 0.004 | 2.0 (1.2-3.3), 0.012 | 1.6 (0.9-3.0), 0.141 | 1.5 (0.7-2.8), 0.294 |
| >60 years | 3.5 (2.4-5.2), <0.001 | 3.0 (1.7-5.1), <0.001 | 2.7 (1·4-5.2), 0.003 | 2.6 (1.3-5.1), 0.006 |
| Male (Reference: Female) | 1.2 (0.9-1.6), 0.199 | 1 (0.7-1.5), 0.980 | 1 (0.6-1.7), 0.943 | 1.1 (0.7-1.9), 0.708 |
| Primary condition (Reference: COVID) | ||||
| Non-COVID | 3.5 (1.7-7.2), 0.001 | 1.2 (0.4-3.5), 0.705 | 0.8 (0.3-2·6), 0.729 | 0.5 (0.1-1.8), 0.266 |
| Mucor | 0.5 (0.1-4.0), 0.472 | 0.9 (0.1-11), 0.940 | ||
| Vaccinated | 0.7 (0.5-1.0), 0.060 | 0.6 (0.4-0.9), 0.032 | 0.5 (0.3-0.9), 0.014 | 0.6 (0.3-0.9), 0.042 |
| Symptom onset to hospitalization (Reference: 1 week) | ||||
| 2 weeks | 0.6 (0.5-0.9), 0.003 | 0.6 (0.4-0.9), 0.027 | 0.5 (0.3-0.8), 0.002 | 0.5 (0.3-0.8), 0.003 |
| 3 or more weeks | 1.9 (1.1-3.4), 0.032 | 0.9 (0.4-2.2), 0.828 | 0.6 (0.2-1.9), 0.372 | 0.5 (0.1-1.9), 0.336 |
| Asymptomatic | 1.1 (0.3-4.2), 0.886 | 6.5 (0.3-152), 0.242 | 13 (0.5-344), 0.126 | 0.01 (NR) 0.984 |
| Comorbidities (Reference: No) | ||||
| 1 | 1.5 (1.1-2), 0.017 | 1.6 (1.0-2.5), 0.037 | 2.1 (1.3-3.7), 0.005 | 1.9 (1.1-3.3), 0.031 |
| 2 or more | 1.8 (1.2-2.5), 0.002 | 1.5 (0.9-2.5), 0.087 | 2.0 (1.1-3.6), 0.029 | 1.6 (0·9-3.1), 0.130 |
| Baseline COVID-19 severity (Reference: Mild) | ||||
| Asymptomatic - No hypoxia | 0.1 (0.01-0.9), 0.048 | 0.03 (0.01-1.1), 0.054 | 0.02 (0.01-0.82), 0.039 | 5837 (NR) 0.897 |
| Moderate | 2.1 (1.2-3.9), 0.013 | 1.5 (0.8-3.2), 0.241 | 1.5 (0.6-3.3), 0.382 | 1.3 (0.6-3.3), 0.522 |
| Severe | 12 (7.6-18), <0·001 | 4.7 (2.7-8.2), <0.001 | 2.4 (1.2-4.9), 0.011 | 2.4 (1.2-5.1), 0.017 |
| Symptoms reported (Reference: No) | ||||
| Fever | 0.6 (0.4-0.8), 0.002 | |||
| Gastrointestinal | 0.5 (0.3-0.9), 0.017 | 0.4 (0.2-0.9), 0.030 | 0.3 (0.1-0.8), 0.006 | 0.3 (0.1-0.7), 0.009 |
| Loss of taste | 0.4 (0.2-0.9), 0.018 | |||
| Lab parameters (Reference: No) | ||||
| Leucocyte count (Reference: Normal) | ||||
| Leukopenia | 0.6 (0.2-1.4), 0.218 | 0.7 (0.3-2.0), 0.533 | 0.9 (0.3-2.4), 0.778 | |
| Leukocytosis | 2.1 (1.5-3.1), <0.001 | 1.9 (1.2·1-3), 0.010 | 2.0 (1·2-3·3), 0.009 | |
| Thrombocytopenia <1.5 lac (Reference: ≥1.5 lac) | 2.5 (1.5-4), <0.001 | 2.3 (1.3-4.1), 0.006 | 2·1 (1·1-3·9), 0.018 | |
| d-dimer >500 (Reference: ≤500) | 3.2 (2.2-4.7), <0.001 | 4.5 (2.9-7.2), <0.001 | 4.6 (2.8-7.5), <0.001 | |
| CRP high (Reference: Normal) | 3.7 (2.2-13), 0.037 | |||
| Creatinine >1.0 mg/dl | 2.7 (1.7-4.1), <0.001 | 3.2 (1.9-5·5), <0.001 | ||
| Treatment (Reference: No) | ||||
| Methylprednisolone pulse (>250 mg/day) | 6.4 (3.3-12), <0.001 | 5.9 (3.0-12), <0.001 | ||
| Levofloxacin | 4.9 (2.8-8.6), <0.001 | 3.7 (2-6.9), <0.001 | ||
| Tocilizumab | 6.6 (1.4-32), 0.019 | 5.5 (0.9-29), 0.047 | ||
| Zinc | 0.2 (0.1-0.4), <0.001 | 0.3 (0.2-0.5), <0.001 | ||
| Anticoagulant therapy | 2.5 (1.2-5.0), 0.012 | 2.1 (1.0-4.3), 0.052 | ||
| In hospital complications | ||||
| Renal dysfunction | 3.8 (2.2-6·6), <0.001 | |||
| Hypotension | 30 (6.4-13), <0.001 | |||
Model-1: Adjusting for baseline clinical parameters, Model-2: Model-1 plus baseline lab parameters, Model-3: Model-2 plus treatment characteristics, Model-4: Model-3 plus in-hospital complications·Age, gender and comorbidities are included in all models·Only symptoms, lab and treatment parameters with significant P value are included in these final models. OR: Odds ratio, CI: Confidence interval, CRP: C-reactive protein, NR=Not reported