Table 2. Summary of the case reports and case series findings.
| Variable | Cases (n=33) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Comorbidities | |||
| HT | 7 (21.21) | ||
| DM | 4 (12.12) | ||
| Obesity | 3 (9.09) | ||
| CAD | 1 (3.03) | ||
| ESKD | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Kidney transplant | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 1 (3.03) | ||
| AD | 1 (3.03) | ||
| OA | 1 (3.03) | ||
| GERD | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Closed-angle glaucoma | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Autism | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Substance abuse | 1 (3.03) | ||
| COVID-19 systemic/respiratory symptoms | |||
| Fever | 18 (54.54) | ||
| Cough | 14 (42.42) | ||
| Nasal congestion | 3 (9.09) | ||
| Sore throat | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Dyspnea | 10 (30.30) | ||
| Fatigue/myalgia | 16 (48.48) | ||
| Headache | 10 (30.30) | ||
| Anosmia | 3 (3.03) | ||
| Ageusia | 2 (6.06) | ||
| Diarrhea | 4 (12.12) | ||
| Neurological symptoms | |||
| Loss of consciousness | 18 (54.54) | ||
| Disorientation/confusion | 24 (72.72) | ||
| Hallucination | 4 (12.12) | ||
| Psychotic | 2 (6.06) | ||
| Stiff neck | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Insomnia | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Aphasia | 2 (6.06) | ||
| Seizure | |||
| Tonic–clonic | 5 (15.15) | ||
| Tonic | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Myoclonic | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Unspecified | 2 (6.06) | ||
| Involuntary movements | 3 (9.09) | ||
| Unsteadiness | 3 (9.09) | ||
| Diplopia | 2 (6.06) | ||
| Dysphagia | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Incontinence bowel/bladder | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Neurological signs | |||
| Meningeal irritation sign | 4 (12.12) | ||
| Pupil anisocoria | 2 (6.06) | ||
| Akinetic mutism | 3 (9.09) | ||
| Motor weakness | |||
| Tetraplegia | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Paraplegia | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Hemiplegia | 2 (6.06) | ||
| Sensory deficit | 2 (6.06) | ||
| Extensor plantar response | 6 (18.18) | ||
| Photophobia | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Visual field defect | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Facial weakness | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Tongue weakness | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Nystagmus | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Loss of brainstem reflexes | 3 (9.09) | ||
| Sensory hemineglect | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Ataxia | 2 (3.03) | ||
| Laboratory findings | |||
| Lymphopenia | 9 (27.27) | ||
| Leukocytosis | 8 (24.24) | ||
| Leukopenia | 3 (9.09) | ||
| Thrombocytosis | 3 (9.09) | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 3 (9.09) | ||
| Elevated CRP | 16 (48.48) | ||
| Elevated LDH | 10 (30.3) | ||
| Elevated procalcitonin | 3 (9.09) | ||
| Elevated ESR | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Elevated D-dimer | 6 (18.18) | ||
| Elevated CK | 3 (9.09) | ||
| Elevated AST/ALT | 2 (6.06) | ||
| Elevated LDH | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Chest imaging (n=22) | |||
| GGO+consolidation (CT) | 4 (18.18) | ||
| GGO without consolidation (CT) | 12 (54.54) | ||
| Infiltrate/consolidation (X-ray) | 3 (13.63) | ||
| Subpleural condensation (USG) | 1 (4.54) | ||
| Normal | 2 (9.09) | ||
| Brain imaging | |||
| Normal | 17 (51.51) | ||
| Diffuse edema | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Hyperintensities | |||
| Thalamus | 3 (9.09) | ||
| Cerebellar | 2 (6.06) | ||
| Periventricular | 2 (6.06) | ||
| Mesencephalic | 3 (9.09) | ||
| Pons | 3 (9.09) | ||
| White matter | 8 (24.24) | ||
| Temporal lobe | 3 (9.09) | ||
| Hemorrhagic | |||
| Pallidum | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Lobar | 2 (6.06) | ||
| Sulcus (SAH) | 4 (12.12) | ||
| Contrast enhancement | 4 (12.12) | ||
| CSF studies | |||
| Elevated WBC | 9 (27.27) | ||
| Elevated neutrophils | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Lymphocytosis | 8 (24.24) | ||
| Elevated RBC | 5 (15.15) | ||
| Elevated protein | 14 (42.42) | ||
| Decreased glucose | 1 (3.03) | ||
| Elevated pressure | 2 (6.06) | ||
| Antineuronal autoantibodies (n=8) | |||
| Positive | 1 (12.50) | ||
| Negative | 7 (87.50) | ||
| Inflammatory cytokines (n=7) | 7 (100) | ||
| CSF PCR (n=28) | |||
| Positive | 3 (10.71) | ||
| Negative | 25 (89.28) | ||
| EEG (n=11) | |||
| Background slowing | 7 (63.30) | ||
| Focal focus | |||
| Frontal | 1 (9.09) | ||
| Temporal | 2 (18.18) | ||
| Normal | 1 (9.09) | ||
| Outcomes (n=23) | |||
| Discharged | 15 (65.21) | ||
| Death | 4 (17.39) | ||
| Still in treatment | 4 (17.39) | ||
AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; CAD, coronary artery disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CK, creatinine kinase; DM, diabetes mellitus; EEG, electroencephalography; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; GGO, ground-glass opacity; HT, hypertension; LDH, the lactate dehydrogenase; NR, not reported; OA, osteoarthritis; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; USG, ultrasonography; WBC, white blood cells