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. 2021 Nov 1;40(3):422–431. doi: 10.1038/s41587-021-01058-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The color code for all panels is shown for wheat and Ae. tauschii lineages (L1, L2, L3) in the top left corner. a, Distribution of the 242 Ae. tauschii samples used in this study. The five L3 accessions are indicated by an orange vertical arrow. Country abbreviations are provided in Extended Data Fig. 1a. b, Phylogeny showing the D subgenome of 28 wheat landraces in relation to Ae. tauschii, a tetraploid (AABB genome) outgroup (O) and an Ae. tauschii RIL (labeled R) derived from L1 and L2. c, STRUCTURE analysis of the randomly selected ten accessions from each of L1 and L2 along with the five accessions of L3 and the RIL. K denotes the number of subpopulations considered. d, Genome-wide fixation index (F_ST) estimates of the Ae. tauschii lineages. e, Venn diagram showing the percentage of lineage-specific and shared k-mers between the lineages. f,g, Chromosome 1D of wheat cultivars/accessions colored according to their Ae. tauschii lineage-specific origin (f). The pattern of lineage-specific contribution to the wheat D subgenome, highlighted for one region by a dashed rectangle, suggests that at least two polyploidization events with distinct Ae. tauschii lineages, as shown in g, followed by intraspecific crossing gave rise to extant hexaploid bread wheat. Ma, million years ago.