Table 5.
GRADE quality of evidence of included studies related to aetiology
| Aetiological factor (in alphabetical order) | No of studies | No of participants | No of participants with the factor | Quality of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allergies | 6 | 2432 | 518 | Low |
| Antibiotics | 19 | 11,703a | 2330 | Low |
| Asthma | 14 | 8104a | 1227 | Low |
| Asthma drug | 5 | 3669 | 981 | Low |
| Breast feeding > 12 months | 8 | 8189 | 972 | Low |
| Breast feeding > 6 months | 7 | 4810 | 928 | Low |
| Bronchitis | 12 | 9473a | 1270 | Low |
| Caesarean | 17 | 10,886a | 2336 | Low |
| Celiac disease | 1 | 80 | 40 | Very low |
| Chicken pox | 14 | 9845 | 1437 | Very low |
| Diarrhoea | 7 | 6893 | 908 | Low |
| Eclampsia | 4 | 5409 | 592 | Low |
| Epigenetic (monozygotic twins) | 1 | 334 | 188 | High |
| Fever | 20 | 14,128a | 2408 | Low |
| Fluoride | 1 | 3233 | 2507 | Low |
| Gastric disorders | 8 | 6266 | 647 | Low |
| Genetic (SNP association) | 4 | 1456 | ND | High |
| Gestational diabetes | 4 | 1554 | 406 | Very low |
| Gestational hypertension | 9 | 7611 | 1009 | Low |
| Hypoxia at birth | 16 | 9867a | 1859 | Low |
| Incubator | 5 | 5628 | 702 | Moderate |
| Jaundice | 4 | 1220 | 220 | Very low |
| Kidney diseases | 7 | 3758 | 754 | Low |
| Low birth weight | 11 | 10,150a | 1779 | Low |
| Malnutrition | 4 | 1464 | 342 | Very low |
| Maternal diseases | 14 | 15,312a | 1853 | Low |
| Maternal fever | 4 | 4921 | 536 | Low |
| Maternal smoking | 6 | 4227 | 1278 | Low |
| Maternal Urinary disease | 4 | 5410 | 592 | Low |
| Measles | 3 | 4139 | 348 | Low |
| Medication during pregnancy | 8 | 3879 | 722 | Moderate |
| Otitis | 17 | 9421a | 1417 | Low |
| Pneumonia | 12 | 10,021a | 1581 | Low |
| Pre-eclampsia | 7 | 7517 | 1042 | Low |
| Prematurity | 19 | 12,307a | 2405 | Low |
| Rhinitis | 5 | 3281 | 600 | Low |
| Rubeola | 2 | 5338 | 516 | Low |
| Sinusitis | 3 | 1401 | 311 | Low |
| Throat infections | 3 | 2403 | 405 | Low |
| Tonsillitis | 4 | 1290 | 261 | Very low |
| Urinary tract infection | 11 | 8675a | 1015 | Low |
| Vitamin D deficiency | 1 | 1840 | ND | High |
aStudies with large number of examined children where (regardless the low quality of evidence resulting from the retrospective methodology) the meta-analysis revealed odds ratios indicating increased risk of having MIH (Garot et al. 2021).