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. 2022 Mar 16;12:4512. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08442-3

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Proposed mechanisms for butyrate’s protective effect on the ocular surface. Butyrate may impact the ocular surface in two different ways, indirectly though modulation of immune cells and directly through interaction with ocular surface epithelium expressing SLC5A8 or other SCFA receptors and modulating gene expression through its HDAC inhibitory activity. APC, Antigen presenting cell; HDAC, histone deacetylase; IFN, interferon; Treg, regulatory T cell. Figure drawing created with BioRender.com.