Table 2.
(A) Percentage of features with significant differences in distribution before and after harmonization by the GMM groupings. Feature names indicate the feature whose distribution was used to generate the GMM scan grouping. GMM scan groupings are obtained by selecting the best GMM model from a set composed of GMM models generated from each of the features such that the final GMM scan grouping is estimated from a single feature. (B) Percentage of features with significantly different distributions attributable to batch effects in the original features and after applying standard ComBat, harmonizing by the GMM grouping alone (GMM), and harmonizing by both the GMM grouping and known imaging parameter batch effects (GMM + ComBat (CE)).
| A | Original (%) | ComBat (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung3/CAPTK | ||||
| T1_E_GLRLM_Short RunLowGreyLevel emphasis | 88 | 45 | ||
| Lung3/PyRadiomics | ||||
| Idmn | 84 | 26 | ||
| Radiogenomics/CAPTK | ||||
| T1_ED_GRLRLM_Bins-10_Radius-1_ShortRun LowGreyLevelEmphasis | 78 | 50 | ||
| Radiogenomics/PyRadiomics | ||||
| Jointenergy | 75 | 30 | ||
| B | Original (%) | ComBat (%) | GMM (%) | GMM + ComBat (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung3/CAPTK | ||||
| CE | 10 | 16 | 4 | 4 |
| Spatial resolution | 18 | 21 | 28 | 10 |
| Manufacturer | 48 | 45 | 7 | 4 |
| Lung3/PyRadiomics | ||||
| CE | 40 | 11 | 35 | 7 |
| Spatial resolution | 43 | 25 | 44 | 15 |
| Manufacturer | 61 | 28 | 43 | 23 |
| Radiogenomics/CAPTK | ||||
| CE | 17 | 42 | 18 | 12 |
| Spatial resolution | 42 | 43 | 45 | 25 |
| Manufacturer | 20 | 51 | 17 | 25 |
| Radiogenomics/PyRadiomics | ||||
| CE | 54 | 27 | 47 | 16 |
| Spatial resolution | 69 | 29 | 62 | 19 |
| Manufacturer | 44 | 36 | 40 | 23 |
Tables contain the percentage of features out of the original number of features with detected significant (p < 0.05) differences in distribution for all batch effects.