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. 2022 Mar 16;13:1388. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29049-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a BER versus the optical power launched into the UTC-PD for 4 cases with different combinations of DSP modules, the BER y-left-axis is labeled in logarithm-scale with light-blue color grids, the y-right-axis is labeled in linear-scale. b–e The signal constellations before and after the three channel equalization stages at 14 dBm optical power (color in logarithm-scale). f The electrical spectrum of the IF signal before digital down conversion to baseband. g The SNR (blue curve) versus the frequency after down-conversion, the gray-color shading is the shape of the electrical spectrum of the 16-QAM-OFDM signal after down conversion.