Table 1.
Sample characteristics.
| Whole sample (N = 99) | Cognitively unimpaired (N = 51) | Cognitively impaired (N = 48) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | % | % | P-value | ||||
| Female | 21.2% | 19.6% | 22.9% | 0.687 | |||
| University degree | 29.3% | 33.3% | 25.0% | 0.363 | |||
| Law enforcement | 73.7% | 80.4% | 66.7% | 0.121 | |||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| White | 73.7% | 84.3% | 62.5% | 0.104 | |||
| Hispanic | 12.1% | 7.8% | 16.7% | ||||
| Black | 10.1% | 5.9% | 14.6% | ||||
| Other | 4.0% | 2.0% | 6.3% | ||||
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 47.5% | 47.1% | 47.9% | 0.932 | |||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 56.37 | 5.19 | 56.37 | 4.59 | 56.36 | 5.81 | 0.993 |
| SPPB Score | 10.78 | 2.03 | 11.02 | 1.78 | 10.51 | 2.25 | 0.057 |
| Gait Score | 3.81 | 0.59 | 3.86 | 0.49 | 3.74 | 0.67 | 0.410 |
| Mean walking speed, m/s | 0.94 | 0.20 | 0.99 | 0.19 | 0.89 | 0.20 | 0.023 |
| Chair Rise Score | 3.17 | 1.12 | 3.31 | 1.10 | 3.02 | 1.13 | 0.078 |
| Mean chair-rise speed, r/s | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.55 | 0.17 | 0.51 | 0.18 | 0.287 |
| Balance Score | 3.80 | 0.77 | 3.84 | 0.70 | 3.74 | 0.85 | 0.402 |
| Maximal handgrip, lbs | 56.58 | 17.46 | 58.27 | 16.35 | 54.77 | 18.58 | 0.362 |
| Episodic memory | 0.64 | 0.17 | 0.72 | 0.19 | 0.56 | 0.10 | 2.22E-06 |
| Intraindividual response variability | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 3.04E-05 |
| Response speed, r/ds | 0.76 | 0.09 | 0.79 | 0.07 | 0.72 | 0.09 | 1.01E-04 |
| Visuospatial learning | 75.08 | 47.36 | 57.08 | 15.42 | 95.04 | 61.21 | 1.55E-04 |
| Visuospatial memory | 13.28 | 9.09 | 9.47 | 4.33 | 17.50 | 10.99 | 2.03E-05 |
| Processing speed, r/ds | 0.63 | 0.05 | 0.65 | 0.04 | 0.61 | 0.06 | 2.67E-04 |
| Attention | 1.36 | 0.20 | 1.43 | 0.14 | 1.28 | 0.22 | 1.71E-04 |
| Visual memory | 0.95 | 0.12 | 0.99 | 0.12 | 0.91 | 0.10 | 3.27E-04 |
| Throughput | 0.32 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 3.55E-05 |
| Intracranial volume, cm3 | 1578.50 | 147.00 | 1583.26 | 128.25 | 1573.44 | 165.86 | 0.744 |
| Cerebellar cortical thickness, mm | 5.00 | 0.29 | 5.08 | 0.00 | 4.91 | 0.00 | 0.002 |
| Cerebellar asymmetry, % | −0.32 | 1.33 | −0.43 | 0.27 | −0.20 | 0.29 | 0.406 |
P-values determined using Welch’s t-test and tests of proportions to compare CU to CI group.
CU cognitively unimpaired, CI cognitively impaired, SPBB Short Physical Performance Battery, IRV intraindividual response variability, SD standard deviation, cm centimeter, mm millimeter, lbs pounds.