Figure 4.

Daily oral spermidine treatment increased autophagy in female late onset mice. Diabetic mice were grouped as early onset (< 21 weeks of age) and late onset (≥ 21 weeks of age). Samples were probed for LC3, Beclin1, p62 and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue for total protein in immunoblot. (a) LC3-II to LC3-I ratio, Beclin1 normalized to total protein, p62 normalized to total protein. (b) Representative cropped images of immunoblots. Early onset ctrl mice (n = 11), early onset spd mice (n = 10), late onset ctrl mice (n = 4–5), late onset spd mice (n = 8–9). Black triangles indicate ctrl mice and red circles indicate spd mice. Data is shown as mean ± SD. Mann–Whitney U test or unpaired Student’s t-test was used as statistical analysis to compare ctrl and spd groups. p* < 0.05, p*** < 0.001.