Table 3.
Historical overview of reports on magnesium and its biomedical application in historical order (Witte 2015)
| Year | Author | Magnesium (alloy) | Supplier | Application | Human/animal model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1878 | Huse | Pure magnesium | Not reported | Wires as ligature | Humans |
| 1892–1905 | Payr | High-purity Mg | I and CW Rohrbeck, Vienna, Austria, Al and Mg Fabric Hemelingen, Germany | Tubes (intestine, vessel, nerve connector), plates, arrows, wire, sheets, rods | Humans, guinea pigs, rabbits, pigs, dogs |
| 1903 | Höpfner | Pure magnesium | No report | Magnesium cylinders as vessel connectors | Dogs |
| 1900–1905 | Chlumsky´ | High-purity Mg | Friedrich Wosch Company, Germany | Tubes, sheets and cylinder intestine connector, arthroplasty | Humans, rabbits, dogs |
| 1906–1932 | Lambotte | Pure Mg (99.7%) | No report | Rods, plates, screws | Humans, rabbits, dogs |
| 1910 | Lespinasse | Metallic magnesium | No report | Ring-plates for anastomosis | Dogs |
| 1913 | Groves | No report | Intramedullar pegs in bone | Rabbits | |
| 1917 | Andrews | Pure Mg, mix. of eq. part: Mg/Al, Mg/Cd, Mg/Zn | No report | Wires, clips as ligature, anastomosis | Dogs |
| 1924 | Seelig | Pure Mg (99.99%), distilled in vacuum | American Mg Cooperation, Niagara Falls, NY | Wires, strips, bands | Rabbits |
| 1925 | Glass | Pure Mg (99.8–99.9%) | Al and Mg Fabric, Hemelingen, Germany | Magnesium arrows | Humans, rats, cats |
| 1928 | Heinzhoff | Pure magnesium | No report | Magnesium arrows | Rabbits |
| 1933–1937 | Verbrugge | Dow metal: Mg–Al6–Zn3–Mn 0.2%-wt. Electron Mg–Al 8% (wt) | Dow Chemical Corp., USA Griesheim-Electron, Germany | Plate, band, screws, pegs | Humans, dogs, rats, rabbits |
| 1938 | McBride | Mg–Mn 3%-wt, Mg–Al 4–Mn 0.3% (wt) | Not reported | Sheet, plate, band, screw, peg, wire | Humans, dogs |
| 1939 | Nogara | Electron (alloy not specified) | Griesheim-Electron, Germany | Rods | Rabbits |
| 1948 | Tpobwrbq | Mg–Cd | Not reported | Plate, screws, rod-plate | Humans |
| 1940 | Maier | Magnesium | I.G. Farben Industry AG, Bitterfeld, Germany | Band, suture from woven Mg wires, fusiform pins | Humans, rabbits |
| 1951 | Stone | Mg–Al 2% (wt) pure magnesium | Aluminium Company of America, OH, USA | Wires for clotting aneurysms | Dogs |
| 1975 | Fontenier | Ind.-grade purity: Domal Mg (99.9%), TLH Mg not reported Lab-grade purity: ‘‘zone fondue’’ Mg, R69 Mg Mg Mn 1.5% (wt), Mg Al: GAZ8%, GAZ6%, GAZ3% | Not reported | Anodes for implantable batteries to feed pacemaker | Dogs |
| 1980 | Wexler | Mg–Al 2% (wt) | McMaster Univ. Med, Canada | Wires intravascular | Rats |
| 1981 | Hussl | Pure Mg (99.8%) | Goodfellow Metals Ltd, GB | Wires for hemangioma treatment | Rats, rabbits |
| 1981 | Wilflingseder | Pure Mg (99.8%) | Goodfellow Metals Ltd, GB | Wires for hemangioma treatment | Humans |