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. 2022 Mar 16;13:1391. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29087-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Schematic of measuring the triboelectric-piezoelectric hybrid output in the negative polarization direction of the PVDF film. b The signal generation process of hybrid output contains six stages including contacting, contacted, compressing, releasing, released, and separating stages. c The sole triboelectric signals (I_SC, V_OC, and charge) are generated by the PI-based device at 60 N. Sole triboelectric signals are generated in the stages of contacting and separating (light yellow area). d The sole piezoelectric signals (I_SC, V_OC, and charge) are generated by the PVDF-based device with shielding layer at 60 N. Sole piezoelectric signals are generated in the stages of compressing and releasing (light green area). e The triboelectric-piezoelectric hybrid signals (I_SC, V_OC, and charge) are generated by the PVDF-based device at 60 N. The hybrid signals exist in the stages of contacting, compressing, releasing, and separating.