Table 2.
The functional of different probiotics, microbial products and dietary products for host immunity enhancement to against pulmonary infectious disease.
| Characteristics | Main functions | References |
|---|---|---|
| Probiotics | ||
| Lactobacillus gasseri | Enhanced inflammatory signals Enhanced antiviral immune reaction | (74) |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Enhanced vaccine immune efficacy Enhanced antiviral immune reaction | (89) |
| Lactobacillus casei | Enhanced phagocytic and killing activity of alveolar macrophages Increased levels of IgA, IFN-γ, and TNF-α | (90) |
| Bifidobacterium | Enhanced vaccine immune efficacy | (25) |
| Microbial metabolites | ||
| Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (Butyrate, Propionate) | Maintenance of mucosal barrier Enhanced antiviral immune reaction Anti-inflammatory effect | (63) |
| Retinoic acid | Increased IgA level Treg cell development | (84) |
| Niacin | Anti-inflammatory effect Increased activity of macrophages and dendritic cells Development of T regulatory cells and IL-10-producing T cells | (86) |
| LPS | Enhance the mucosal immune response provide improved resistance against infection | (87) |
| Desaminotyrosine | Increased IFN-1 | (48) |
| Dietary products | ||
| Carbohydrate polymers | Increased SCFAs | (91) |
| Prebiotics | Increased SCFAs | (92) |