Table 3.

Observation instruments used in the included studies.

Instrument	Constructs/subscales used	Scoring
Ainsworth sensitivity scale	Sensitivity	From 1 (highly insensitive) to 9 (highly sensitive)
AMBIANCE	Overall level of disrupted communication	From 1 (high normal) to 7 (disrupted communication with few or no ameliorating behaviors)
CARE-Index toddler version	Sensitivity Controlling behavior Unresponsive behavior	Scores range from 0 (insensitive) to 14 (outstandingly sensitive)
CIB	Parent positive engagement (five items) Maternal sensitivity (12 items)	Five-point scale for frequency and intensity from 1 to 5, sum scores of the respective items
DIP	Insensitivity Disconnected parenting behavior Extreme parental insensitivity	Nine-point scale from 1 to 9 each time insensitive behaviors occur; total score by averaging two subscale scores
EA Scales infancy/early childhood version 3rd and 4th edition	Sensitivity Structuring Non-intrusiveness Non-hostility	Seven-point Likert scale from 1 (low EA) to 7 (high EA)
MBQS-mini/Mni-MBQS-V	Sensitivity	Correlation between the descriptive sort and a criterion sort of a prototypically sensitive mother: r = −1.0 (least sensitive) to 1.0 prototypically sensitive
MIPCS	Positive parenting Behavioral sensitivity Engagement Flexibility Warmth Affective sensitivity Positive affect Negative parenting Overcontrolling/Intrusiveness Hostility	Five-point Likert scales, scores for each of the two constructs by averaging respective subscale scores
NCAST Teaching Scale	Sensitivity to cues (11 items) Response to distress (11 items) Social–emotional growth fostering (11 items) Cognitive growth fostering (17 items) Contingency rating for each of the subscales	Binary items on occurrence and non-occurrence of specific behaviors rated by 0 (no) and 1 (yes), subscale sum scores and contingency scores
PCIS	Quality of interaction (defined as maternal behavioral sensitivity) Quality Appropriateness General impression of the interaction	Five-point scale from 1 to 5, composite score by averaging subscale scores

Only constructs/subscales used in the included studies are listed in this table. AMBIANCE, Atypical Maternal Behavioral Instrument for Assessment and Classification; CARE-Index, Child-Adult Relationship Experimental Index; CIB, Coding Interactive Behavior; DIP, Disconnected and Extremely Insensitive Parenting; EA, Emotional Availability; MBQS-mini, Maternal Behavior Q-sort mini; Mini-MBQS-V, Mini Maternal Behavior Q-sort revised; MICS, Mother Infant Coding System; MIPCS, MACY Infant–Parent Coding System; NCAST, Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training; and PCIS, Parent/Caregiver Involvement Scale.