Table 2.

Overview on recent outcomes of surgical treatment for urachal carcinoma

Reference	No. of cases	Stage (% of cases)	Surgical treatment (% of cases)	Perioperative chemotherapy, n (% of cases)	Oncological outcomes	Negative prognostic factors
Shao et al (2022) [4]	59	TNM stage T1–2: 13.5 T3: 64.4 T4: 22.1	Open EPC (72.4) Open PC (17.3) Open RC (17.3)	18 (30.5)	Median OS: 52.8 mo 3-yr CSS: 69.1% 5-yr CSS: 62.1%	•High stage (≥pT3) •PSM
Yu et al (2021) [3]	203	Mayo stage I–II: 77 III: 11.4 IV: 11.4	Open or robotic EPC ± LND (82.8) Open RC ± LND (17.3)	65 (32)	5-yr OS: 88.3% 5-yr CSS: 83.1% 5-yr RFS: 63.9%	•High stage (Mayo ≥III, Sheldon ≥IIIc) •PSM •LVI
Duan et al (2020) [11]	62	Sheldon stage III: 80.7 IV: 19.3	EPC (87) or RC (13) ± LND	18 (29)	Median DFS: 32.7 mo Mean OS: 114.6 mo	•Sheldon stage, tumor size for DFS •Sheldon stage, peritoneal metastasis, LN recurrence for OS
Mylonas et al (2017) [12]	420	TNM stage T1–2: 34.2 T3: 29.5 T4: 30.5	Excision/local (20.7) EPC ± LND (52.4) Open RC ± LND (9.8)	NR	Median OS: 57 mo Median CSS: 105 mo 5-yr OS: 51% 5-yr CSS: 57%	•Grade •Stage

CSS = cancer-specific survival; DFS = disease-free survival; EPC = extended partial cystectomy; LN = lymph node; LND = lymphadenectomy; LVI = lymphovascular invasion; NR = not reported; OS = overall survival; PSM = positive surgical margin; RC = radical cystectomy; RFS = recurrence-free survival; TNM = tumor, node, metastasis.