TABLE 1.
Representativeness of analytic sample
| Cardiac hospitals | Management survey | Management and purchase orders 2010–2015 | Management and purchase orders 2010 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N hospitals | 1980 | 648 | 213 | 111 |
| Total management score | 3.13 (0.53) | 3.18 (0.51) | 3.16 (0.50) | |
| Lean score | 3.27 (0.56) | 3.30 (0.53) | 3.27 (0.53) | |
| Monitoring score | 3.37 (0.70) | 3.44 (0.66) | 3.39 (0.68) | |
| Target score | 3.02 (0.87) | 3.10 (0.86) | 3.08 (0.81) | |
| Talent score | 2.67 (0.67) | 2.72 (0.64) | 2.75 (0.61) | |
| Technology adoption score | 2.92 (0.92) | 3.25 (0.54) | 3.38 (0.52) | |
| Supply expense ratio | 0.16 (0.12) | 0.18 (0.12) | 0.17 (0.10) | 0.20 (0.14) |
| Supply expense ratio, missing | 0.21 (0.40) | 0.20 (0.40) | 0.14 (0.35) | 0.18 (0.38) |
| Total admissions | 13,151 (10807) | 17,066 (10831) | 18,994 (10959) | 19,804 (10950) |
| Technologies | 67 (25) | 77 (21) | 85 (22) | 86 (21) |
| Open heart surgery | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.10 (0.30) | 0.12 (0.32) | 0.11 (0.32) |
| Teaching | 0.45 (0.50) | 0.52 (0.50) | 0.57 (0.50) | 0.53 (0.50) |
| Nonprofit | 0.73 (0.45) | 0.75 (0.44) | 0.81 (0.39) | 0.82 (0.38) |
| Fraction Medicare | 0.43 (0.16) | 0.45 (0.09) | 0.45 (0.10) | 0.43 (0.10) |
| Fraction Medicaid | 0.18 (0.12) | 0.18 (0.08) | 0.19 (0.09) | 0.19 (0.08) |
| Urban | 0.98 (0.15) | 1.00 (0.06) | 0.99 (0.08) | 0.99 (0.09) |
| System member | 0.71 (0.45) | 0.64 (0.48) | 0.55 (0.50) | 0.53 (0.50) |
| N hospitals in system | 24 (43) | 24 (44) | 6 (14) | 8 (21) |
| Physician integration | 0.44 (4.88) | 0.25 (2.02) | 0.2 (0.67) | 0.22 (0.80) |
| Physician integration, missing | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.08 (0.26) | 0.05 (0.22) | 0.03 (0.18) |
| Reports GPO | 0.89 (0.31) | 0.89 (0.31) | 0.90 (0.30) | 0.92 (0.28) |
| Quantity purchased, hospital | 353 (1099) | 660 (2653) | ||
| Quantity purchased, system | 428 (1314) | 738 (2855) | ||
| Spend on other categories ($), hospital | 1,539,336 (1,844,649) | 1,481,796 (1,662,387) | ||
| Spend on other categories ($), system | 2,056,025 (2,545,463) | 1,953,576 (2,601,910) | ||
| Total spend ($) | 4,552,323 (4,413,913) | 4,660,369 (4,629,606) | ||
| N vendors | 4.31 (3.41) | 3.36 (2.37) |
Note: Author's calculations using merged, de‐identified American Hospital Association (AHA), Management Survey, and Supply Guide data. Each set of rows summarizes the counts and characteristics of hospitals in the data for various sample restrictions. Row 1 characterizes the 1980 hospitals in the AHA data with interventional cardiac catheterization laboratories and at least 25 heart attack discharges in 2010. Row 2 characterizes the subset of those hospitals (N = 648) that answered the management practices survey. Row 3 characterizes the subset of hospitals from row 2 matched to the Supply Guide transactions data (N = 213). Row 4 characterizes the subset of hospitals from row 3 that had Supply Guide transactions in 2010 (N = 111). Data on technologies, teaching status, admissions, nonprofit status, and Medicare and Medicaid shares come from the AHA Annual Survey for 2010. Following Acemoglu and Finkelstein13 and Cooper et al., 5 we measure technologies using the complete list of binary facility indicators available in the AHA. Management practice scores are simple sums of group‐specific and overall scores from the management practices survey. N vendors is the count of unique vendors purchased from for the average top cardiac category‐hospital in 2010–2015 (column 3) or 2010 only (column 4), and $ spend is the average total spend per hospital across all top cardiac categories in 2010–2015 (column 3) or 2010 only (column 4), both from the Supply Guide data.