Table 3.
Secondary health and psychosocial outcomes at 6 and 12 weeks (N=51)a.
| Outcome and week | Baseline, mean (SD) | Intervention, mean (95% CIb) | Control, mean (95% CIb) | Adjusted mean difference (95% CIb) | Effect size (Hedges g) | |||||||
| Health and well-being | ||||||||||||
|
|
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 124 (14) | 123 (118 to 128) | 123 (118 to 128) | 0.2 (–4.69 to 4.86) | 0.02 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 124 (14) | 124 (120 to 127) | 120 (113 to 127) | 4.33 (–3.33 to 11.43) | 0.43 | |||||
|
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 86 (10) | 86 (83 to 90) | 88 (83 to 93) | −1.53 (–6.03 to 3.21) | −0.20 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 86 (10) | 88 (85 to 91) | 86 (81 to 91) | 1.85 (–3.88 to 7.79) | 0.21 | |||||
|
|
Body mass (kg) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 81.9 (14.4) | 81.6 (77.8 to 85.4) | 82.3 (78.6 to 86.1) | −0.74 (–1.86 to 0.49) | −0.44 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 81.9 (14.4) | 81.8 (78.2 to 85.4) | 82.6 (79 to 86.4) | −0.81 (−2 to 0.36) | −0.33 | |||||
|
|
Waist circumference (cm) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 91.8 (11.9) | 89.9 (86.6 to 93.3) | 90.8 (87.3 to 94.4) | −0.93 (–2.47 to 0.81) | −0.32 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 91.8 (11.9) | 89.2 (86.1 to 92.4) | 89.2 (85.7 to 92.9) | 0.01 (–1.67 to 1.77) | 0.00 | |||||
|
|
Glucose (mmol/L) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 5.3 (0.7) | 5.3 (5.1 to 5.5) | 5.4 (5.2 to 5.6) | −0.08 (−0.32 to 0.17) | −0.22 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 5.3 (0.7) | 5.3 (5.1,5.5) | 5.5 (5.3 to 5.7) | −0.15 (−0.43 to 0.13) | −0.36 | |||||
|
|
Insulin (mIU/mL) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 6.7 (3.8) | 6.4 (5.2 to 7.7) | 6.6 (5.3 to 8) | −0.18 (–1.85 to 1.7) | −0.06 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 6.7 (3.8) | 6.1 (5.1 to 7.3) | 7.3 (6 to 8.9) | −1.25 (−2.4 to −0.16) | −0.50 | |||||
|
|
Insulin resistance | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) | 1.6 (1.3 to 2.0) | –0.07 (−0.48 to 0.34) | −0.09 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.7) | 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1) | −0.34 (−0.61 to −0.62) | −1.23 | |||||
|
|
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 5.6 (0.8) | 5.3 (5 to 5.6) | 5.5 (5.1 to 5.9) | −0.16 (−0.56 to 0.22) | −0.23 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 5.6 (0.8) | 5.4 (5.2 to 5.6) | 5.5 (5.1 to 6) | −0.14 (−0.65 to 0.32) | −0.23 | |||||
|
|
HDLc cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.5) | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.5) | −0.04 (−0.17 to 0.11) | −0.18 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.5) | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.6) | −0.06 (−0.17 to 0.04) | −0.38 | |||||
|
|
LDLd cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 3.7 (0.8) | 3.5 (3.2 to 3.7) | 3.5 (3.2 to 3.8) | −0.07 (−0.38 to 0.25) | −0.11 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 3.7 (0.8) | 3.5 (3.3 to 3.7) | 3.5 (3.1 to 3.9) | 0.01 (−0.39 to 0.36) | 0.03 | |||||
|
|
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.2 (1 to 1.4) | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6) | −0.12 (−0.39 to 0.14) | −0.27 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4) | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.7) | −0.23 (−0.55 to 0.08) | −0.54 | |||||
|
|
CRPe (mg/L) | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 2.0 (2.6) | 2.4 (1.5 to 3.5) | 1.6 (0.9 to 2.2) | 0.89 (1.11 to 0.18) | 0.32 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 2.0 (2.6) | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.7) | 3 (1.6 to 4.5) | −1.09 (–2.8 to 0.51) | −0.48 | |||||
|
|
EQ-5D VASf | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 65.2 (16.3) | 72.2 (66.8 to 77.3) | 71.7 (63.4 to 79.6) | 0.45 (–7.57 to 8.45) | 0.03 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 65.2 (16.3) | 69.5 (62.5 to 75.7) | 71.7 (66.6 to 76.7) | −2.12 (–11.23 to 6.47) | −0.12 | |||||
|
|
EQ-5D-5Lg score | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 0.90 (0.1) | 0.92 (0.89 to 0.95) | 0.89 (0.85 to 0.93) | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07) | 0.38 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 0.90 (0.1) | 0.89 (0.85 to 0.92) | 0.9 (0.85 to 0.95) | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04) | −0.16 | |||||
|
|
SF-36h physical health | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 47.4 (8.4) | 51.1 (48.3 to 53.9) | 48.5 (45.2 to 51.5) | 2.52 (–1.63 to 7.17) | 0.39 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 47.4 (8.4) | 47.5 (43.8 to 51.1) | 50.1 (46.3 to 53.5) | −2.6 (–7.58 to 2.79) | −0.28 | |||||
|
|
SF-36 mental health | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 49.0 (9.8) | 50.8 (48.4 to 53) | 48.9 (45.3 to 52.6) | 1.86 (–2.29 to 6.03) | 0.26 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 49.0 (9.8) | 51.7 (47 to 56.3) | 43.8 (38 to 49.4) | 7.93 (0.74 to 15.18) | 0.60 | |||||
| Motivation and psychosocial | ||||||||||||
|
|
Autonomous motivation | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 2.9 (0.7) | 3.1 (3 to 3.3) | 2.9 (2.7 to 3) | 0.26 (0.04 to 0.49) | 0.79 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 2.9 (0.7) | 3.1 (2.9 to 3.3) | 3 (2.8 to 3.2) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 0.30 | |||||
|
|
Controlled motivation | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6) | 1.7 (1.4 to 1.9) | −0.28 (−0.55 to −0.01) | −0.63 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.5) | 1.6 (1.3 to 1.8) | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.09) | −0.42 | |||||
|
|
Overall need satisfaction | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 4.7 (1.0) | 4.6 (4.2 to 4.9) | 4.6 (4.3 to 5) | −0.03 (−0.57 to 0.39) | −0.03 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 4.7 (1.0) | 4.7 (4.5 to 4.9) | 4.6 (4.2 to 4.9) | 0.12 (−0.21 to 0.43) | 0.16 | |||||
|
|
Autonomy | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 5.4 (0.6) | 5.3 (5.1 to 5.5) | 5.4 (5.1 to 5.7) | −0.07 (−0.39 to 0.26) | −0.12 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 5.4 (0.6) | 5.5 (5.3 to 5.7) | 5.6 (5.4 to 5.7) | −0.09 (−0.32 to 0.16) | −0.17 | |||||
|
|
Competence | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 4.1 (1.2) | 4.5 (4.2 to 4.7) | 4.1 (3.7 to 4.5) | 0.36 (−0.1 to 0.77) | 0.47 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 4.1 (1.2) | 4.3 (3.9 to 4.6) | 4 (3.5 to 4.4) | 0.32 (−0.18 to 0.8) | 0.36 | |||||
|
|
Relatedness | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 4.3 (1.3) | 4.2 (3.7 to 4.6) | 4.5 (4.1 to 4.9) | −0.35 (−0.88 to 0.16) | −0.37 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 4.3 (1.3) | 4.4 (3.9 to 4.8) | 4.4 (3.9 to 4.8) | 0 (−0.74 to 0.72) | 0.00 | |||||
|
|
Barrier self-efficacy | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 49.7 (16.5) | 52.3 (47.6 to 57) | 41 (35.1 to 46.8) | 11.35 (3.24 to 19.37) | 0.84 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 49.7 (16.5) | 53.3 (48 to 58.8) | 43.9 (37.3 to 50.3) | 9.38 (1.67 to 17.18) | 0.68 | |||||
|
|
Vitality | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 4.4 (1.1) | 5.1 (4.8 to 5.4) | 4.3 (3.7 to 4.9) | 0.77 (0.17 to 1.37) | 0.81 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 4.4 (1.1) | 5.1 (4.7 to 5.5) | 4.5 (3.8 to 5.1) | 0.57 (−0.04 to 1.2) | 0.51 | |||||
|
|
Perceived competence | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 5.0 (1.3) | 5.3 (4.9 to 5.6) | 4.8 (4.4 to 5.1) | 0.51 (0.14 to 0.92) | 0.70 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 5.0 (1.3) | 5.2 (4.8 to 5.7) | 5 (4.6 to 5.5) | 0.2 (−0.41 to 0.9) | 0.19 | |||||
|
|
Habit | |||||||||||
|
|
|
6 weeks | 1.6 (1.0) | 2.1 (1.8 to 2.4) | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) | 0.56 (0.16 to 0.97) | 0.84 | |||||
|
|
|
12 weeks | 1.6 (1.0) | 2.1 (1.8 to 2.3) | 1.7 (1.3 to 2) | 0.41 (−0.04 to 0.86) | 0.58 | |||||
aCovariates include baseline score for each parameter (as indicated in the pooled mean baseline column), BMI, and sex.
bCIs verified using bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapping with 5000 repetitions.
cHDL: high-density lipoprotein.
dLDL: low-density lipoprotein.
eCRP: C-reactive protein.
fEQ-5D VAS: EuroQol 5-dimension visual analog scale.
gEQ-5D-5L: EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level questionnaire.
hSF-36: Short Form-36.