Table 4.

Plasma non-enzymatic antioxidant indices of Beetal goats.

Non-enzymatic antioxidants	Levels of Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation			SEM	p -value
	M0	M2%	M3.5%
Gestation day 110
Total flavonoids (μg/ml)	239.93 ± 0.91b	241.06 ± 0.74b	253.91 ± 0.72a	0.43	0.030
Total phenolic contents (μM/ml)	5,821.75 ± 0.85b	5,832.61 ± 1.60a	5840 ± 2.45a	1.19	0.028
Vitamin C (μg/ml)	803.75 ± 1.55	805.50 ± 1.04	810.25 ± 1.44	0.84	0.221
Malondialdehyde (μM/ml)	5.90 ± 0.33	5.76 ± 0.37	5.59 ± 0.26	0.17	0.627
Total anti-oxidant capacity (μM/ml)	1.41 ± 0.02c	1.55 ± 0.01b	1.67 ± 0.01a	0.01	0.002
Total oxidant status (μM/ml)	1,566.25 ± 1.11	1,559.75 ± 0.63	1,555.50 ± 2.10	1.04	0.065
Gestation day 130
Total flavonoids (μg/ml)	251.31 ± 0.59b	256.14 ± 0.76b	272.79 ± 1.07a	0.29	0.013
Total phenolic contents (μM/ml)	5,819 ± 0.82b	5,844.75 ± 1.31a	5,848.25 ± 0.95a	0.65	0.007
Vitamin C (μg/ml)	795 ± 1.08c	811.25 ± 1.32b	819.50 ± 0.96a	0.42	0.008
Malondialdehyde (μM/ml)	7.26 ± 0.09b	5.28 ± 0.23a	5.06 ± 0.27a	0.18	0.024
Total anti-oxidant capacity (μM/ml)	1.49 ± 0.01c	1.73 ± 0.02b	1.86 ± 0.02a	0.01	0.002
Total oxidant status (μM/ml)	1,585.25 ± 0.63c	1,533 ± 0.71b	1,502.5 ± 0.96a	0.39	<0.001
Gestation day 150
Total flavonoids (μg/ml)	258.93 ± 1.13b	264.66 ± 0.68b	278.84 ± 0.58a	0.67	0.001
Total phenolic contents (μM/ml)	5,796.50 ± 0.86b	5,853 ± 0.57a	5,859.25 ± 2.05a	1.14	<0.001
Vitamin C (μg/ml)	780 ± 0.41c	816.75 ± 0.85b	827.75 ± 0.48a	0.39	<0.001
Malondialdehyde (μM/ml)	8.31 ± 0.12b	4.55 ± 0.22a	4.19 ± 0.18a	0.06	0.004
Total anti-oxidant capacity (μM/ml)	1.37 ± 0.02c	1.81 ± 0.01b	1.96 ± 0.04a	0.02	0.007
Total oxidant status (μM/ml)	1,605 ± 1.08c	1,515.75 ± 0.85b	1,481 ± 0.82a	0.86	<0.001
Lactation day 20
Total flavonoids (μg/ml)	265.28 ± 1.23b	273.19 ± 2.46b	291.44 ± 0.63a	1.06	0.013
Total phenolic contents (μM/ml)	5,811.50 ± 0.64c	5,866 ± 0.71b	5,884 ± 1.08a	0.68	<0.001
Vitamin C (μg/ml)	783 ± 0.39c	825.51 ± 0.48b	838.69 ± 1.25a	0.44	<0.001
Malondialdehyde (μM/ml)	7.94 ± 0.25c	4.01 ± 0.04b	2.74 ± 0.29a	0.11	0.013
Total anti-oxidant capacity (μM/ml)	1.53 ± 0.01c	1.94 ± 0.01b	2.16 ± 0.04a	0.02	0.001
Total oxidant status (μM/ml)	1,598.50 ± 0.65c	1,492.50 ± 1.04b	1,459.75 ± 0.48a	0.42	<0.001

Means with superscript letters (a, b, c) within the same row differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.