Table 8.

Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation on milk composition.

Biochemical	Levels of Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation			SEM	p -value
	M0	M2%	M3.5%
Day 0 (Colostrum)
Protein (%)	8.93 ± 0.37b	10.18 ± 0.28b	13.53 ± 0.53a	0.24	0.043
Fat (%)	8.95 ± 0.40	9.18 ± 0.48	9.53 ± 0.34	0.37	0.092
Lactose (%)	2.93 ± 0.29	3.09 ± 0.31	3.27 ± 0.13	0.21	0.663
Carotenoids (μg/ml)	15.22 ± 0.83b	16.71 ± 0.40b	18.53 ± 0.39a	0.49	0.031
Day 7
Protein (%)	6.84 ± 0.09b	7.11 ± 0.31b	8.51 ± 0.25a	0.16	0.015
Fat (%)	7.38 ± 0.86	7.94 ± 0.62	8.72 ± 0.30	0.61	0.233
Lactose (%)	3.43 ± 0.07	3.62 ± 0.21	3.71 ± 0.16	0.05	0.514
Carotenoids (μg/ml)	6.91 ± 0.19b	7.36 ± 0.07b	9.82 ± 0.36a	0.15	0.041
Day 14
Protein (%)	5.08 ± 0.36b	5.40 ± 0.25b	7.94 ± 0.46a	0.28	0.045
Fat (%)	6.56 ± 0.35	6.87 ± 0.39	7.19 ± 0.52	0.28	0.645
Lactose (%)	3.97 ± 0.14	4.01 ± 0.23	4.14 ± 0.20	0.09	0.273
Carotenoids (μg/ml)	4.68 ± 0.41b	4.94 ± 0.16b	6.37 ± 0.08a	0.2	0.022
Day 21
Protein (%)	4.03 ± 0.13c	5.15 ± 0.08b	6.56 ± 0.20a	0.08	0.012
Fat (%)	4.94 ± 0.34b	5.32 ± 0.11b	6.29 ± 0.16a	0.17	0.024
Lactose (%)	4.37 ± 0.51	4.51 ± 0.58	4.89 ± 0.78	0.1	0.748
Carotenoids (μg/ml)	2.73 ± 0.21b	3.02 ± 0.13b	4.36 ± 0.11a	0.09	0.007
Day 28
Protein (%)	3.43 ± 0.19c	4.27 ± 0.11b	5.82 ± 0.40a	0.22	0.027
Fat (%)	4.87 ± 0.13b	3.76 ± 0.15b	3.41 ± 0.02a	0.09	0.003
Lactose (%)	4.95 ± 0.80	5.08 ± 0.19	5.35 ± 0.49	0.15	0.917
Carotenoids (μg/ml)	1.38 ± 0.36b	1.61 ± 0.25b	3.04 ± 0.08a	0.17	0.025

Means with superscript letters (a, b, c) within the same row differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.