. 2022 Mar 3;8:787719. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.787719

Table 9.

Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation on milk antioxidant parameters.

Non-enzymatic antioxidants	Levels of Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation			SEM	p -value
	M₀	M_2%	M_3.5%
Day 0 (Colostrum)
Total phenolic contents (μM/ml)	2,826.75 ± 3.49^b	2,838.50 ± 0.64^b	2,875.50 ± 1.55^a	1.06	0.002
Total anti-oxidant capacity (μM/ml)	0.92 ± 0.02^c	1.42 ± 0.08^b	1.78 ± 0.13^a	0.07	0.005
Vitamin C (μg/ml)	457.75 ± 1.65^b	464.75 ± 1.79^b	483 ± 0.82^a	0.97	0.005
SOD (Units/ml)	69.86 ± 0.46^c	88.65 ± 0.69^b	96.53 ± 0.32^a	0.18	0.001
POD (Units/ml)	291.25 ± 0.63^b	309.22 ± 0.85^a	314.02 ± 1.04^a	0.37	0.003
CAT (Units/ml)	71.75 ± 0.85	76.75 ± 1.11	84 ± 1.78	1.01	0.060
Day 7
Total phenolic contents (μM/ml)	2,608.85 ± 2.38^b	2,622 ± 0.71^b	2,669.25 ± 1.88^a	0.21	0.005
Total anti-oxidant capacity (μM/ml)	0.81 ± 0.05^c	1.39 ± 0.12^b	1.73 ± 0.11^a	0.09	0.016
Vitamin C (μg/ml)	421.75 ± 1.97^b	427.25 ± 1.32^b	436.75 ± 0.75^a	0.78	0.035
SOD (Units/ml)	75.75 ± 0.63^c	81.52 ± 0.26^b	94.4 ± 0.39^a	0.16	0.001
POD (Units/ml)	263.45 ± 0.87^b	277.56 ± 1.32^a	285 ± 1.65^a	0.28	0.015
CAT (Units/ml)	66.75 ± 1.37	69.75 ± 1.18	74 ± 0.41	0.35	0.103
Day 14
Total phenolic contents (μM/ml)	2,471.50 ± 1.32^c	2,493.25 ± 1.03^b	2,547 ± 2.55^a	1.03	<0.001
Total anti-oxidant capacity (μM/ml)	0.74 ± 0.10^c	1.29 ± 0.13^b	1.64 ± 0.12^a	0.12	0.017
Vitamin C (μg/ml)	412.70 ± 1.31^b	416.40 ± 1.28^b	429.60 ± 0.93^a	0.71	0.016
SOD (Units/ml)	61.52 ± 0.31^c	74.40 ± 0.41^b	83.45 ± 0.55^a	0.33	<0.001
POD (Units/ml)	251.67 ± 0.79^b	270.92 ± 1.37^a	276.05 ± 0.96^a	0.19	0.008
CAT (Units/ml)	50.61 ± 1.51	56.75 ± 1.43	62 ± 1.92	0.69	0.072
Day 21
Total phenolic contents (μM/ml)	2,289 ± 1.47^c	2,326 ± 0.91^b	2,391.50 ± 0.65^a	0.32	0.001
Total anti-oxidant capacity (μM/ml)	0.65 ± 0.04^c	1.24 ± 0.11^b	1.53 ± 0.09^a	0.08	0.013
Vitamin C (μg/ml)	385.75 ± 2.46^b	391.50 ± 1.50^b	408.25 ± 0.75^a	0.57	0.021
SOD (Units/ml)	58.65 ± 0.69^c	63.45 ± 0.91^b	75.04 ± 0.48^a	0.51	0.003
POD (Units/ml)	227.02 ± 1.08^c	243.01 ± 0.56^b	259.66 ± 0.73^a	0.25	0.008
CAT (Units/ml)	37.95 ± 1.31^b	41.98 ± 0.32^b	53.30 ± 0.61^a	0.21	0.007
Day 28
Total phenolic contents (μM/ml)	2,133 ± 0.82^c	2,173.25 ± 1.70^b	2,205.75 ± 1.25^a	0.59	<0.001
Total anti-oxidant capacity (μM/ml)	0.61 ± 0.13^c	1.11 ± 0.04^b	1.37 ± 0.07^a	0.07	0.007
Vitamin C (μg/ml)	374.45 ± 1.04^b	378.70 ± 0.85^b	395.25 ± 0.69^a	0.52	0.001
SOD (Units/ml)	51.70 ± 0.77^c	59.65 ± 1.05^b	66 ± 0.41^a	0.57	0.003
POD (Units/ml)	202.66 ± 0.68	216.02 ± 1.12	231.01 ± 1.31	0.55	0.006
CAT (Units/ml)	29.75 ± 0.43^b	31.36 ± 0.59^b	46 ± 0.42^a	0.26	0.002

Means with superscript letters (a, b, c) within the same row differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05. SOD, superoxide dismutase; POD, peroxidase; CAT, catalase.