Table 1.

The Cytokines of Immunological Pathogenesis of IBD

Cytokines	Cells Secreting Cytokines	Influence on the Inflammation	Function	Reference
IL-22	Th22, Th17, Th1 cells	Pleiotropic function	Promote intestinal tissue repair and restrain intestinal pathogens Promoting IBD-susceptibility genes expression	[117]
IL-6	Macrophages, DCs	Pro-inflammatory	Activating CD4+ T cells and STAT-3 signaling pathway	[122, 123]
IL-12/IL-23	DCs	Pro-inflammatory	Promoting the differentiation ofTh17 cells	[125]
IL-17	Th17	Pro-inflammatory	Promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines	[84]
IL-10	Treg, macrophages, DCs	Anti-inflammatory	Inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophage-ROS-NO axis	[131]
IL-1β/IL-18	Macrophages	Pro-inflammatory	Promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines	[141]
TNF	Monocytes, macrophages, T cells	Pro-inflammatory	Promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines Activating JNK pathway and NF-κB signaling pathway	[146]

Abbreviations: TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; DCs, dendritic cells, Treg, regulatory T cells; STAT-3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NO, nitric oxide; JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B.