Fig. 1.

Species-level host generalism (number of known hosts) (A), average generalism per stage (B), and residual reproductive size after adjusting for host mass (C) as a function of life-cycle length. In A and B, colored points are species values scaled by study effort. Black points are estimated means and 95% credible intervals from models controlling for study effort and taxonomy. In C, circles and Xʼs are observed and imputed data, respectively. A and B adapted from Benesh et al. (2021b) and C from Benesh et al. (2021a).