Table 3.
Quality Assessment of Cross-Sectional Studies.
| Study | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Golding et al., 2007 | N | Y | U | N/A | N | N | U | U |
| Styles, 2010 | N | N | U | N/A | N | N | U | U |
| Flood & Blair, 2013 | N | N | U | N/A | N | N | Y | U |
| Carragher & Golding, 2015 | N | N | U | N/A | N | N | U | Y |
| Ford et al., 2015 | N | N | U | N/A | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Wilson et al., 2015 | N | N | U | N/A | N | N | U | Y |
| Wilson et al., 2016 | N | N | U | U | N | N | U | Y |
| Ang et al., 2017 | N | Y | U | N/A | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Carragher, 2017 | N | N | U | N/A | N | N | U | U |
| Misan et al., 2017 | Y | Y | U | N/A | N | N | Y | Y |
| Waling & Fildes, 2017 | N | N | U | N/A | N | N | U | U |
| Foster et al., 2018 | N | Y | U | N/A | N | N | U | Y |
| Taylor et al., 2018 | Y | Y | U | N/A | N | N | U | Y |
| Wilson et al., 2019 | Y | N | U | N/A | N | N | U | Y |
Note. Q1: Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined? Q2: Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail? Q3: Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way? Q4: Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition? Q5: Were confounding factors identified? Q6: Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? Q7: Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way? Q8: Was appropriate statistical analysis used? Y: Yes; N: No; U: Unclear; N/A: Not applicable.