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The pathogenic molecular mechanisms of microbial metabolites in PC. Microbial lysates such as LPS in the pancreatic TME, upregulates PD-L1 through the TLR4/MyD88/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway, and induces TILs depletion and apoptosis. The activation of TLRs can cause a variety of tumor suppressor proteins, such as p16, p21, p27, p53, pRb, PTEN and MAP2K4, disorder, which induce STAT3 activation, promote migration and EMT.
