Table 2.
Association of secondhand smoke exposure with cardiometabolic health among never-smoking adult cancer survivors in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2018
|
No Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Never-Smoking Adult Cancer Survivors (N = 591) |
Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Never-Smoking Adult Cancer Survivors (N = 239) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Hypertension (2017 AHA/ACCa) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.29 (0.88–1.89) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.31 (0.89–1.93) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.33 (0.90–1.96) |
| General obesityb | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.47 (0.98–2.22) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.47 (0.97–2.23) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.47 (0.97–2.22) |
| Abdominal obesityb | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.20 (0.82–1.75) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.19 (0.81–1.74) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.20 (0.82–1.75) |
| Hyperlipidemiac | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.99 (0.67–1.47) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.02 (0.67–1.54) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.03 (0.68–1.55) |
| Hypertriglyceridemiac | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.63 (1.08–2.46)* |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.62 (1.06–2.47)* |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.63 (1.07–2.48)* |
| Reduced HDL-Cc | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.04 (0.72–1.49) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.99 (0.69–1.43) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.01 (0.70–1.45) |
| Impaired fasting glucose (ADA/WHOd) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.07 (0.73–1.58) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.06 (0.71–1.57) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.07 (0.72–1.58) |
Values above are presented as adodds ratios and 95% confidence intervals computed from multiple logistic regression accounting for the sampling weights. Model 1 was adjusted for sociodemographic factors (age, sex, education level, household income, marital status, residential area, occupation type), Model 2 was adjusted for variables included in Model 1 and health behavior (aerobic exercise, muscle strengthening exercise, alcohol consumption, total energy intake), and Model 3 was adjusted for family history of cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease or stroke) in addition to the variables included in Model 1 and 2
Acronyms: AHA American Heart Association, ACC American College of Cardiology, BMI Body Mass Index, WC Waist Circumference, HDL-C High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, ADA American Diabetes Association, WHO World Health Organization, SBP Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, FSG Fasting Serum Glucose
aDefined as SBP ≥ 130 mmHg or DBP ≥ 80 mmHg or taking antihypertensive drugs according to the 2017 AHA/ACC high blood pressure guidelines
bGeneral obesity defined as BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 and abdominal obesity defined as WC ≥ 90 cm for men and WC ≥ 85 cm for women
cHyperlipidemia defined as total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dL or taking cholesterol lowering drugs; hypertriglyceridemia defined as triglyceride ≥ 200 mg/dL or taking cholesterol lowering drugs: reduced HDL-C defined as HDL-C ≤ 40 mg/dL for men and HDL-C ≤ 50 mg/dL for women
dDefined as FSG of 110–125 mg/dL according to the ADA and WHO
*p < 0.05