Table 1.

Jeffersonian transcription conventions

(.)	Short, untimed pause
(1.4)	Timed pause
hh	Exhalation
.hh	Inhalation
(word)	Unclear hearing
((comment))	Transcriber’s comment
w[ord	Overlapping onset
wor]d	Cut-off word
wor-	Faster speech rate
>word<	Slower speech rate
↓word	Markedly lower pitch
↑word	Markedly higher pitch
word=	Latching, rush into next turn or segment
word	Prominent stress
WORd	Higher volume than surrounding talk
wo:rd	Lenghtening of segment
.	Falling intonation
,	Level or slight rise intonation
?	High rising intonation