Fig. 5.

Causal network influences, measured using phase transfer entropy (PTE), during (a) Memory encoding and (b) Memory recall. The DMN showed significantly higher net causal outflow to the 6 other networks, than the reverse. DMN→Other denotes PTE from DMN electrodes to electrodes in the 6 other brain networks; Other→DMN denotes PTE from electrodes in the 6 other networks to the DMN. Error bars denote standard error of the mean (SEM) across all pairs of electrodes. *** p < 0.001 (FDR-corrected q < 0.05, two-way ANOVA).